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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The
Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms
Amended.”
According to Scaliger the famous
Trojan war took place
in the year 1225 B.C., but
Newton’s dating of this event
was the year 904 B.C — a
difference of about 330 years.
There are many more similar
examples. In resume, Newton
claimed that the dates related
to the events of Greek
history should be shifted forwards
by 300 years in average,
while the 1000 years period
of the Egyptian history,
which according to Scaliger,
began around the year 3000
B.C., should be squeezed between
the year 946 B.C and
617 B.C — an epoch of
only 330 years. Some of the
ancient Egyptian dates he
shifted forward by 1800 years,
but his revisions stopped at
the year 200 B.C. However, a
closer look at Newton’s work reveals that he did not completely
realized a global nature of the errors in the Scaliger
version of chronology. His apparently chaotic observations referred
to shifting forward in time of several small historical
blocks, but they could not be arranged in a systematic chronological
system. In fact, Newton was aware that his chronological
work was far from being complete. The first edition of
his book The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended appeared
in 1725 under the title Abregé de Chronologie de M. Le
Chevalier Newton (translated to French by M. Feret), but the
publication was carried on without Newton’s consent. Newton
announced that he was preparing a more detailed book on
the ancient chronology, but his death in 1727 interrupted his
work on that project. One year after his death, the manuscript
of Short Chronicle, which still remained unfinished, and his
book The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended were
published in one volume by J. Tonson. 11
English scientist Edwin Johnson (1842–1901) presented
very interesting critical analysis of the ancient and medieval
history, which was published in his books. His main conclusion
can be stated as: we are much closer in time to the epoch of
the ancient Greeks and Romans than its written in the chronological
tables (see [174]). He also called for a total revision of
the whole antique and medieval chronology.
Nikolai A. Morozov (1854–1946) was a famous Russian
scientist, encyclopedist and revolutionary. His investigation
of the chronology was based on solid scientific methods, some
of them were completely new and innovative. Practically, he
restored the scientific character of the chronological reseach.
It is not possible to ignore his arguments against Scaliger’s
chronology.
11 See [?].
1.2 Who were the Critics of Scaliger’s Chronology 5
Figure 1.5: Nikolai A. Morozov
(1854–1946)
Morozov’s father – Peter
Alekseevich Shepochkin — was
a reach Russian nobel belonging
to an old aristrocratic family
whose relatives were the decendants
of Peter the Great. His
mother — Anna Vasilevna Morozova
— was a simple peasant.
They were married before
the civil authority but not in the
Church, so their children carried
the mother’s name instead of the
father’s. At the age of twenty,
N.A. Morozov joined the revolutionary
movment, what in 1881
led to his imprisonment in the
infamous Schlisselburg fortress.
During his incarceration he studied
chemistry, physics, astron-
omy, mathematics and history. In 1905 he finally regained
his freedom. He spent 25 years in prison. After his release,
he devoted himself to scientific research and educational activities.
During the years following the Russian Revolution,
he became the director of the PF. Lesgaft Institute for Natural
Sciences, where he acomplished the most important part
of his cientific research on the chronology. His results were
first presented to a small group of enthusiastic workers in the
Lesgaft Institute. In 1922, he was nominated a member of
the Russian Academy of Science, and in 1925 he received the
highest Soviet decorations.
Figure 1.6: Morozov’s family house in
the town Borke Yaroslavskoi. Presently
it is a museum dedicated to Morozov.
His first publication
related
to the chronology
problem was his
book Revelations
in Storm and
Thunders, where
he analyzed the
dating of the Book
of Apocalypse
from the New
Testament. His
conclusions contradicted
Scaliger’s
chronology. In 1914
appeared his book
Prophets, in which
he used the astronomical
methods
to revise the Scaliger dating of the biblical prophecies.
Between the years 1924 and 1932, N.A. Morozov published
his fundamental seven volume works entitled Christ: the
History of Human Culture from the Standpoint of the Natural
Sciences 12 — an elaborated and detailed presentation of
his critical analysis of Scaliger’s chronology. He arrived to
12 See [1].