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240 8 The Dates Shown on the Zodiacs form Ancient Egyptian Tombs and Sarcophagi Figure 8.14: Fragment of the mural inside the inner chamber of the Petosiris tomb. On the other hand, the probability of having close dates for two independent zodiacs is very small (see section 6.5). Therefore, if the Petosiris zodiacs were only based on the fantasy of their creators without any connection to the real astronomical events, exactly like it is suggested by the authors of [5], it would be very unlikely to expect any pair of solutions belonging to the historical time interval. Our computations show that such pairs of solutions indeed exist. Therefore, the astronomical meaning of the Petosiris zodiacs can be decoded and their dates revealed. 8.4.1 Story of the Discovery and Analysis of the Petosiris Zodiacs. Based on the material in [5], let us present a short story of the Petosiris zodiacs, how they were discovered and analyzed. The Petosiris zodiacs were excavated in the Egyptian oasis of Dahla — the largest oasis in the “Northern desert” of Nile. It is located about 350 km North from Luxor (see [98], p. 95.). The zodiacs were painted on the ceilings inside of an old crypt, which was carved in a rocky hill-side (see Figure 8.16). It is believed that there was buried a man with the name Petosiris (see [5]). The tomb was composed of two chambers — one connected to the passage leading outside the tomb, which we call the outside room, and another one, which we call the inside room (see Figure 8.15). The zodiacs were painted in color and they were well preserved. Each of them contained a horoscope (see Figures 8.16 — 8.18). In 1973 the Petosiris zodiacs were brought into attention of Egyptologist by the Egyptian archaeologist Ahmed Fakhry, who showed their photographs to the prestigious experts in the ancient Egyptian astronomy: O. Neugebauer, R.A. Parker, and D. Pingree. He requested from them to analyze these two zodiacs (see [5], p. 96). In 1982, these three authors published an elaborated article devoted to the Petosiris zodiacs (see [5]). The article contained a detailed descriptions and many photographs of the zodiacs. Let us state it clearly that O. Neugebauer, R.A. Parker, and D. Pingree presented in [5] a complete decoding of these zodiacs, including the identification of all the planets on each of them. As it was confirmed by our analysis (see below), their decoding was correct. The unique identification of all the planetary symbols on these zodiacs can be done in a routine way without any problem. As a consequence, O. Neugebauer, R.A. Parker, and D. Pingree were clearly in a position to complete the proper astronomical dating of the Petosiris zodiacs. For this purpose, it would suffice to identify the planetary locations and to make the appropriate astronomical computations. By using special programs for astronomical computations, or even, with a help of professional astronomers, these tasks could be easily accomplished. Unfortunately, O. Neugebauer, R.A. Parker, and D. Pingree were not interested in carrying out any attempt
Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Petubastis tomb (above) and the Petosiris tomb (below). to date these two zodiacs astronomically. On the contrary, right in the beginning they exclude any idea of the astronomical dating by saying that: “The positions of the planets seems to be inspired by Mithraism 8 .” That means, they simply assumed that the zodiacs were just imaginary pictures inspired by primitive believes related to the worship of Mithra. Of course, by assuming fictitiousness of the zodiacs, the astronomical dating became completely pointless for them. Instead of astronomical computations, they plunge into an obscure deliberation of the religious symbolism of these zodiacs. For example, they claimed that Venus and Saturn represent “generative forces in the two spheres” and etc. For Neugebauer, Parker, and Pingree, the fact that Venus and Saturn are shown in specific locations on the Petosiris zodiacs, has no astronomical but only a Mithraic meaning 9 . 8 See [5], p. 100 9 See [5], p. 100 8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris Tomb 241 In the first chapter of this book we have already explained the possible reasons why contemporary Egyptologists are strongly opposed to any attempt of astronomical dating of the ancient Egyptian zodiacs. The paper [5] by O. Neugebauer, R.A. Parker, and D. Pingree, is a very typical example of this attitude. Nevertheless, we have to acknowledge that their decoding of the planetary symbols on the Petosiris zodiacs is correct and rather complete. Figure 8.16: A photograph showing the entrance to the Petosiris and Petubastis tombs. 8.4.2 General Description of the Petosiris Tomb and Its Zodiacs On Figure 8.16, we show a photograph of the hill, in the slope of which was carved the Petosiris tomb. On this photograph one can distinguish two rectangular holes in the hill slope, which are the entrances into the Petosiris tomb and the Petubastis tomb. The Petubastis tomb was carved right next to the Petosiris tomb. It is also described with all the details in above mentioned work [5] of Neugebauer, Parker, and Pingree. A zodiac was also found in the Petubastis tomb, but it did not contain any horoscope, so it is impossible to date it astronomically. Nevertheless, since these two tombs were located one next to the another, it is very probable that they were constructed during the same epoch. As the both tombs were definitely constructed during the same time, the astronomical dating of the Petosiris zodiac can also provide us with the information about the age of the Petubastis tomb. The zodiac found in the Petubastis tomb was shown on Figure 2.22 in Chapter 2. Plans of these two tombs — the Petosiris and Petubastis tombs are shown on Figure 8.15. On this drawing, it is clearly shown that the Petosiris tomb consisted of two chambers — the outer chamber I and the inner chamber II. The zodiacs (P1) and (P2) were painted in color (see Figures 8.19 and 8.20) on the ceilings of these two rooms. The zodiac (P1), which was located in the outer chamber of the Petosiris tomb, is shown on Figure 8.17. We call it simply the outer Petosiris zodiac. The zodiac (P2) painted on the ceiling of the inner
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
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Preface We are all aware that histo
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Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
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CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
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Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
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”... the Christian chronographers
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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
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We would like to point out a very i
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“... the same time intervals whic
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are given in contemporary literatur
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he conducted a mathematical and sta
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However, all these pecularities dis
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1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
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the identifications made by F. Pete
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VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.9
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−1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
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Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
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The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
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2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
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Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
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Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
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Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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Figure 2.26: Photo of an Egyptian z
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Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
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Figure 2.35: A fragment of the Long
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2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
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Chapter 3 Previous Attempts of Astr
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Figure 3.2: The original table with
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As the picture of the Long zodiac,
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to be unique on the whole historica
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zodiacs is 98 years, so they could
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3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac 63 Figure 3.
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Figure 3.15: Brugsch’s zodiac wit
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Chapter 4 New Approach to Decoding
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Figure 4.2: Fragment of the Long De
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Figure 4.8: Two symbols of “meeti
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4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
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Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
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Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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5.1.6 Virgo Now, we move to the nex
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Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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their huge work was made by N.A. Mo
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In order to explain this answer, le
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Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
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5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
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the wings on each side (see Figure
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Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
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is the sitting child with a hand ne
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ecause Saturn moves very slowly, wh
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Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
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However, still it is possible to de
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In this way, the daily rotation of
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Zodiacal Interval on the ecliptic C
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meaning of the ancient astronomical
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6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
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(2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
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6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
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Later, in the subsequent chapters,
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7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
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152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Page 223 and 224: Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
Page 225 and 226: 8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
Page 227 and 228: Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
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Page 231 and 232: we found out that the symbolism of
Page 233 and 234: • Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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Page 237 and 238: 8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
Page 239 and 240: 8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
Page 241 and 242: The file containing the input data
Page 243 and 244: Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
Page 245 and 246: Let us look again at the figures st
Page 247 and 248: that all these three solutions are
Page 249: 8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
Page 253 and 254: Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
Page 255 and 256: 8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
Page 257 and 258: Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
Page 259 and 260: Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
Page 261 and 262: On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
Page 263 and 264: Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
Page 265 and 266: and Saturn. Let us recall that the
Page 267 and 268: (1) A figure of an eye with wings,
Page 269 and 270: 5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
Page 271 and 272: 200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
Page 273 and 274: ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
Page 275 and 276: 8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
Page 281: • SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
Page 284 and 285: 9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
Page 286 and 287: 276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
Page 289 and 290: Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
Page 291 and 292: BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
Page 293: [173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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