Women’s equality in the UK – A health check

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6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 violence – 85% reporting sexual abuse in the family and domestic violence. 35 (See Article 12 and General Recommendation 19) Due to the hidden nature of prostitution and the increasing normalisation of the sex industry in the UK, we do not feel able or that it is appropriate to cite statistics for the scale and extent of involvement of women in prostitution in the UK. However, we do provide some statistics concerning the abusive context of prostitution from Eaves’ forthcoming report 36 of a sample (which is not claimed to be representative) of 117 women involved in prostitution – off-street, on-street and trafficked: • 83% disclosed current or former problematic drug or alcohol use • 79% suffered physical and or mental health problems • 32% had entered prostitution before the age of 18 years and 72% had suffered childhood violence • 84% of the whole sample reported experiencing violence (physical, sexual or emotional). The Home Office’s Review of Effective Practice in Responding to Prostitution, 37 cited in the Government’s report, was welcome, and it was pleasing that the steering group incorporated representatives of both prostitution as choice and prostitution as VAWG perspectives. However it is disappointing that to date the Government has not followed CEDAW’s clear and unequivocal position that prostitution is symbolic of inequality, exploitation and discrimination against women and counter to women’s dignity and equality. 38 The lack of a clear position from the Government on the status of prostitution means that there is no clear strategic direction in their policies. This results in fragmented and sometimes contradictory responses. However, the predominant focus remains a criminal, policing and immigration lens rather than one supporting women to have viable alternative lifestyles, nor does it seek to effectively tackle demand. On the contrary, in the run up to the 2012 Olympics police and Local Authorities launched a ‘crackdown’ on ‘anti-social behaviour’ in the Olympic boroughs 39 which has resulted in huge increases in arrests and anti-social behaviour orders against women involved in prostitution. 40 The ‘Engagement and Support’ order has useful potential to direct women into support services 41 and to that extent is a welcome development. However, it still relies on an arrest. Research commissioned by the Government to inform its own policy response 42 and other research, has consistently highlighted that the criminalisation of women in prostitution can result in distancing women from their sources of formal and informal support and can entrap 35. Women’s Health and Equality Consortium (2011) Why women’s health? WHEC: London http://www.whec.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/ uploads/downloads/2011/11/WhyWomensHealth11.pdf 36. Eaves for women and London South bank University (2012) PE:ER Project Prostitution exiting: Engaging through research. (Funded by Big Lottery) forthcoming 37. Home Office (2010) A Review of Effective Practice in Responding to Prostitution http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/ responding-to-prostitution?view=Binary 38. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/ cedaw.htm Article 6 and General Recommendation No. 19 Violence against women (eleventh session, 1992) http://www.un.org/ womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm#recom19 39. BBC News (2012) ‘East London pre-Olympic arrests ‘worrying’’, BBC News London, 2nd April 2012 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ukengland-london-17588665 also see Hall, R. (2012) ‘Sex workers feeling threatened by crackdown on prostitution near Olympic site’, The Independent, 3rd April 2012 http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/sex-workers-feeling-threatened-by-crackdown-onprostitution-near-olympic-site-7609024.html 40. Furness, H (2012) ‘Prostitutes ‘cleaned off the streets ahead of the Olympics’, The Telegraph, 2nd April 2012 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/uknews/law-and-order/9180739/Prostitutes-cleaned-off-the-streets-ahead-of-the-Olympics.html 41. Rice, B. (2010) Independent evaluation of the Safe Exit Diversion Scheme. Accendo. London Toynbee Hall http://tinyurl.com/bsc8kpv 42. Hester, M. and Westmarland, N. (2004) Tackling Street Prostitution: Towards an holistic approach. Home Office research study 279. Home Office: London http://dro.dur.ac.uk/2557/1/2557.pdf 56 Women’s equality in the UK: CEDAW shadow report 2013
6.24 6.25 6.26 women and increase the obstacles they face should they seek to exit prostitution. 43 Offences specific to prostitution are classified as sexual offences and so remain on a woman’s record for life and have to be disclosed in criminal records checks prior to employment, which can prevent women from obtaining gainful employment, particularly in caring professions. In addition, such diversion schemes, to be effective, rely on women engaging consistently and effectively with the service. While it is intended that diversion schemes are accommodating and flexible in recognition of the chaotic lifestyles of women in prostitution, pressure on resources means that this is not always the case practice in. Missed appointments can result in women incurring fines and/or facing imprisonment. Section 14 of the Policing and Crime Act 2009, 44 which introduced a new offence of paying for the sexual services of a prostitute subjected to exploitative conduct, is a welcome, if rather isolated, focus on tackling demand. At the time of writing, the most up to date published figures showed that some 43 convictions have been obtained but police and the Crown Prosecution Service have expressed reservations about how workable this legislation is. 45 In a climate with reduced resources, it is foreseeable that there will be a diminished focus on this area resulting in little or no work going forward to address demand. The Scottish approach to prostitution is one that we would welcome across the UK in that it clearly situates prostitution as VAWG, 46 discrimination, inequality and exploitation, and consequently encourages responses that address demand and can also support women who wish to exit. The Welsh Government has funded projects around sexual exploitation but have failed to include this in their violence against women strategy, The Right to be Safe. 47 (See Annex 1) Recommendations: • Take whatever steps necessary to ensure that where possible women in prostitution are not criminalised and that prostitution related offences can be wiped from a woman’s record • Take all measures, legislative and other, to address the demand for women in prostitution and promote support services for women in prostitution including specialist support for women wishing to exit Legislating against extreme pornography The inclusion of ‘legislation against extreme pornography’ 48 in the Government’s report is perplexing. There has been much criticism around the new legislation, 49 which, unlike the Obscene Publications Act 1959 50 that covers distribution, criminalises individuals in possession of pornography. 51 While we welcome steps to legislate against VAWG, this legislation is 43. Mayhew, P. and Mossman, E. (2007) Exiting Prostitution: Models of best practice. New Zealand Ministry of Justice. Crime and research Centre http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/commercial-property-and-regulatory/prostitution/prostitution-law-review-committee/ publications/exiting-prositution-models 44. Policing and Crime Act 2009 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/26/contents 45. Ministry of Justice Justice Statistics Analytical Services- Ref: 411-11 P0 Contribution HL 11419. Accurate as of October 2011. 46. The Scottish Government, key facts about violence against women http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/People/Equality/violence-women/ Key-Facts 47. Welsh Assembly Government (2010) The Right to be Safe. Cardiff: WAG http://wales.gov.uk/topics/housingandcommunity/safety/ domesticabuse/publications/besafe/?lang=en 48. Government Equalities Office (2011) CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women) report. United Kingdom’s Seventh Periodic Report. GEO: London http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/equalities/international-equality/7thcedaw-report?view=Binary Paragraph 83 49. See Backlash http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/wp/?page_id=63 Accessed: 21/03/13 50. Obscene Publications Act 1959 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/66/contents 51. Jackman, M. (2012) ‘Extreme porn trial: consensual sex and the state’, The Guardian, 8th August 2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/ aug/08/extreme-porn-trial-simon-walsh Women’s equality in the UK: CEDAW shadow report 2013 57
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Women’s equality in the UK - A he
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Women’s equality in the UK - A he
Page 5 and 6: Appendices (online only) Appendix 1
Page 7 and 8: • the continued discrimination ag
Page 9 and 10: • Develop a common model of analy
Page 11 and 12: Article 9 - Nationality: One third
Page 13 and 14: investment in social infrastructure
Page 15 and 16: and increase the marginalisation of
Page 17 and 18: have been no prosecutions in Englan
Page 19 and 20: 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction This is a Un
Page 21 and 22: 10 11 12 13 housing crisis, a ‘lo
Page 23 and 24: 1.1 1.2 1.3 Article 1 - Overarching
Page 25 and 26: 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 Women’
Page 27 and 28: 1.17 1.18 1.19 Young women We are a
Page 29 and 30: 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 consult to “remov
Page 31 and 32: 2.12 2.13 discrimination”. Howeve
Page 33 and 34: 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 worsen gen
Page 35 and 36: 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 CEDAW and the l
Page 37 and 38: 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 would “increase
Page 39 and 40: 3.15 3.16 3.17 and accountable EHRC
Page 41 and 42: 3.22 3.23 3.24 report is was partic
Page 43 and 44: classes, migrants, and Gypsy, Trave
Page 45 and 46: the institutional discrimination an
Page 47 and 48: 5.5 5.6 5.7 Case study: 8 Sandra li
Page 49 and 50: 5.12 5.13 5.14 issue. A more approp
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Page 59 and 60: 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 infrequent lap
Page 61 and 62: 7.1 7.2 Article 7 - Political and p
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Page 67 and 68: 7.21 7.22 7.23 Political representa
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Page 71 and 72: 9.9 9.10 Mainstreaming gender in th
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Page 75 and 76: 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 women. 47 (See
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11.37 11.38 Case study: 83 Jasmine
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11.42 11.43 11.44 11.45 At the 2012
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12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 of women and en
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12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 Translators
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12.19 12.20 12.21 12.22 Barriers to
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12.25 12.26 12.27 12.28 Gypsy and T
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12.34 12.35 12.36 12.37 Older women
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12.41 12.42 Recommendations: • Th
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12.47 12.48 12.49 12.50 they are at
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12.55 12.56 12.57 Case studies: 128
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12.60 12.61 12.62 12.63 12.64 hospi
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13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Article 13
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13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 children ne
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13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 Welfare ref
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13.25 13.26 13.27 13.28 because in
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13.32 13.33 Case study: 57 “As a
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13.36 13.37 allocation of resources
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13.41 13.42 Homelessness, including
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13.47 13.48 BME women would be left
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13.52 13.53 13.54 13.55 with some l
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13.60 13.61 13.62 effect to their p
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14.6 14.7 14.8 disabled and lesbian
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14.14 Gypsy and Traveller women suf
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15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 The
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15.14 15.15 15.16 purport to be vic
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15.21 15.22 15.23 Case study: 35
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15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 has not pro
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15.35 15.36 behaviour by male priso
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16.5 16.6 people being forced into
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16.21 16.22 frequently women’s ac
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Recommendations: • Parents with c
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19.6 19.7 19.8 as well as for our c
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19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 The Governm
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19.22 19.23 19.24 19.25 VAWG is a c
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19.30 19.31 19.32 19.33 DV is still
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19.38 19.39 19.40 perpetrators thro
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19.43 19.44 19.45 Support for victi
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19.49 19.50 19.51 19.52 Recommendat
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19.57 19.58 19.59 19.60 BMER VAWG p
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19.62 19.63 19.64 19.65 VAWG in hea
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19.70 19.71 19.72 Invisibility of s
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19.77 19.78 19.79 A number of repor
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19.85 19.86 means more provision. T
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Annex 1: The Devolved Administratio
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to 41.8% of rural men. 16 Rural are
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Annex 2: The UK’s relationship wi
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Annex 3: UK reservations and declar
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ESA - Employment and Support Allowa
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Annex 5: Acknowledgements Many than
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Women’s Resource Centre is suppor
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