Women’s equality in the UK – A health check

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10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 students aged 24 and above would not consider taking out a loan to study at this level; 55 and only 11% said they would ‘definitely’ do a course if it meant taking out a loan. 56 Research carried out by the National Union of Students (NUS) 57 and University and College Union suggests that women will be hardest hit by these changes. Their analysis of Government data on 231 FE colleges shows that over 60% of those currently doing level-3 and -4 courses are women. 58 Introducing fees for Access to Higher Education courses will have an even greater impact on women as 70% of students enrolled in Access courses in 2009-10 were female. 59 The Government’s report states that apprenticeships are already an area in which “there is gender segregation apparent … with women under-represented in some higher paid and/or traditionally male dominated sectors such as construction and engineering.” 60 These careers will become even less accessible to women over 24 years old, when, in 2013, they will be forced to take on loan responsibilities with their apprenticeships, of up to £4,000 a year, in addition to a reduced salary due to their training status. 61 As has been noted by the NUS, the lack of subsidies for all of these courses will result in a ‘double-blow’ for women, who, in addition to being forced to take out loans to get educated, may take longer to pay them off due to the over-representation of women in the most poorly paid sectors and the longstanding gender pay gap that is still present in this country. 62 (See Article 11 and Appendix: 16) Lifelong learning opportunities are also often accessed through the use of information technology (IT) platforms which can be a barrier to accessing education for older women, particularly those living in rural areas. 63 (See Article 14 for more information) The Government has established a new £150m National Scholarship Programme to help students from poorer backgrounds go to university. Graduates on the lowest incomes will pay less and nobody will have to pay fees until they have graduated and are earning more than £21,000. 64 However, it is unclear if this has had any impact on low-income women. Recommendations: • Carry out and publish full gender equality impact assessments on all proposed changes to education policy • Reintroduce subsidies for Further Education courses, including for those over 24 years old 55. National Union of Students (2012) Student Loans in Further Education. Toni Notes, Number 16, 12th March 2012 http://www.westnottssu. co.uk/media/72335/toni.pdf 56. Murray, J. (2012) ‘Loans policy will discourage adults from further education’, The Guardian, 4th June 2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/ education/2012/jun/04/adult-further-education-loans-funding 57. National Union of Students http://www.nus.org.uk/ Accessed: 25/03/13 58. Murray, J. (2012) ‘Loans policy will discourage adults from further education’, The Guardian, 4th June 2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/ education/2012/jun/04/adult-further-education-loans-funding 59. Marsden, G. (2012) ‘Further education loans are a gamble too far to adult learners’, The Guardian, 2nd April 2012 http://www.guardian. co.uk/education/2012/apr/02/further-education-loans-gamble-adult-learners 60. Government Equalities Office (2011) CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women) report. United Kingdom’s Seventh Periodic Report. GEO: London http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/equalities/international-equality/7thcedaw-report?view=Binary Paragraph 43 61. Murray, J. (2012) ‘Loans policy will discourage adults from further education’, The Guardian, 4th June 2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/ education/2012/jun/04/adult-further-education-loans-funding 62. Murray, J. (2012) ‘Loans policy will discourage adults from further education’, The Guardian, 4th June 2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/ education/2012/jun/04/adult-further-education-loans-funding 63. Sclater, E. (2012) NGO Thematic Shadow Report: Older Women’s Rights in the United Kingdom. Older Women’s Network, Europe and National Alliance of Women’s Organisations http://thewomensresourcecentre.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ olderwomensrightsukNGOthematic.pdf 64. Government Equalities Office (2010) The Equality Strategy – Building a Fairer Britain. GEO: London http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ publications/equalities/equality-strategy-publications/equality-strategy/equality-strategy?view=Binary 92 Women’s equality in the UK: CEDAW shadow report 2013
10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 • Many women re-enter education in adult life via the women’s sector, therefore statutory funding should be provided to women’s organisations to support women into education and training with clear but fair targets and progression routes Education Maintenance Allowance Education Maintenance Allowances (EMAs) were payments of up to £30 a week given to students from low-income households to cover books, travel and so on. The aim of EMA was to encourage more young people to participate and progress in age 16-19 education. The 2010 Spending Review stated that “EMAs [were to be] with locally managed discretionary funds to target support.” 65 However, from 2010 EMA has been replaced by a bursary scheme which colleges and schools will be able to distribute at their discretion and funding has been cut from £560m to £180m. 66 In its Section 31 assessment 67 of the Treasury’s spending decisions, the EHRC found that the Government had not paid sufficient regard to equality when making the decision to cut EMA funding, ignoring earlier equality impact assessments carried out by the previous government. 68 An assessment by the DfE in 2009 showed that EMA was particularly important in helping teenage mothers and young people with special needs stay in education and had a positive impact for BME girls and young women. 69 Therefore, a thorough equality impact assessment of the decision to cut the EMA should have been undertaken. Recommendation: Consider reintroducing the Education Maintenance Allowance, or find an alternative measure to encourage and support teenage mothers and young women with special needs to participate in education from 16-19 A number of nurseries at universities and FE colleges are threatened with closure. This will have a particular impact on women who study or work in Further or Higher Education. 70 23% of disabled people have no qualifications compared with 9% of non-disabled people. 71 Adults with impairments are twice as likely to say their education opportunities are limited (17%) compared with adults without impairments (9%). 72 Cuts to Further and Higher Education may also prevent disabled women obtaining educational qualifications as increased fees for HE and reduced support for FE impact particularly on disabled women who have additional Higher Education (HE) support costs. (See Appendix: 36 for further information) 65. HM Treasury (2010) Spending Review October 2010 http://cdn.hm-treasury.gov.uk/sr2010_completereport.pdf 66. Coughlan, S. (2011) ‘£180m bursary scheme replaces EMA’, BBC News Education and Family, 28th March 2011 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ education-12881747 67. Equality and Human Rights Commission (2012) Making Fair Financial Decisions Final Report. EHRC: London http://www. equalityhumanrights.com/legal-and-policy/inquiries-and-assessments/section-31-assessment-of-hm-treasury/the-assessment-finalreport/ 68. Department for Education (2009) Equality Impact Assessment. EMA Replacement Scheme: 16-19 Bursaries and associated transitional arrangements. http://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/pdf/1/ema%20replacement%20scheme%20%20%20equality%20impact%20 assessment.pdf 69. Department for Education (2009) Full Equality Impact Assessment. Education Maintenance Allowance http://media.education.gov.uk/ assets/files/pdf/e/equia%20education%20maintenance%20allowance.pdf 70. NUS Connect (2010) ‘Press release: NUS, UCU and UNISON launch joint campaign to save nurseries in colleges and universities’, NUS Connect website, 4th May 2010 http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/6108/141/ 71. Papworth Trust (2011) Disability in the United Kingdom 2011: Facts and Figures http://www.papworth.org.uk/downloads/factsandfigures_ disabilityintheuk_july2011_110721132605.pdf 72. Office for National Statistics (2011) Life Opportunities Survey Wave 2 interim results 2010/11 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/los/lifeopportunities-survey/wave-two-interim-results-2010-11/index.html Women’s equality in the UK: CEDAW shadow report 2013 93
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Women’s equality in the UK - A he
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Women’s equality in the UK - A he
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Appendices (online only) Appendix 1
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• the continued discrimination ag
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• Develop a common model of analy
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Article 9 - Nationality: One third
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investment in social infrastructure
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and increase the marginalisation of
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have been no prosecutions in Englan
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1 2 3 4 5 Introduction This is a Un
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10 11 12 13 housing crisis, a ‘lo
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1.1 1.2 1.3 Article 1 - Overarching
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1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 Women’
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1.17 1.18 1.19 Young women We are a
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2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 consult to “remov
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2.12 2.13 discrimination”. Howeve
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2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 worsen gen
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2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 CEDAW and the l
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3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 would “increase
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3.15 3.16 3.17 and accountable EHRC
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Page 63 and 64: 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 The House of Lords
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Page 111 and 112: 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 of women and en
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Page 127 and 128: 12.60 12.61 12.62 12.63 12.64 hospi
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13.47 13.48 BME women would be left
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13.52 13.53 13.54 13.55 with some l
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13.60 13.61 13.62 effect to their p
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14.6 14.7 14.8 disabled and lesbian
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14.14 Gypsy and Traveller women suf
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15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 The
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15.14 15.15 15.16 purport to be vic
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15.21 15.22 15.23 Case study: 35
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15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 has not pro
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15.35 15.36 behaviour by male priso
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16.5 16.6 people being forced into
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16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15
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16.21 16.22 frequently women’s ac
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Recommendations: • Parents with c
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19.6 19.7 19.8 as well as for our c
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19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 The Governm
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19.22 19.23 19.24 19.25 VAWG is a c
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19.30 19.31 19.32 19.33 DV is still
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19.38 19.39 19.40 perpetrators thro
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19.43 19.44 19.45 Support for victi
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19.49 19.50 19.51 19.52 Recommendat
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19.57 19.58 19.59 19.60 BMER VAWG p
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19.62 19.63 19.64 19.65 VAWG in hea
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19.70 19.71 19.72 Invisibility of s
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19.77 19.78 19.79 A number of repor
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19.85 19.86 means more provision. T
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Annex 1: The Devolved Administratio
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to 41.8% of rural men. 16 Rural are
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Annex 2: The UK’s relationship wi
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Annex 3: UK reservations and declar
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ESA - Employment and Support Allowa
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Annex 5: Acknowledgements Many than
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Women’s Resource Centre is suppor
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