Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

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Table 7.3 continued 2nd gen. Turks 2nd gen. Moroccans 2nd gen. Surinamese 2nd gen. Antilleans b se b se b se b se Education (total) -0.02 0.04 -0.04 0.05 0.02 0.02 -0.01 0.02 Direct effects Education (direct) 0.01 0.04 -0.03 0.05 0.03 0.02 0 0.02 Group threat 0.07 0.11 -0.25~ 0.13 0.04 0.06 -0.07 0.05 Dutch media -0.19* 0.08 0.03 0.10 -0.08 0.05 0.02 0.04 Origin media 0.18* 0.07 0.13 0.09 0.05 0.07 -0.05 0.08 Positive contact -0.35** 0.12 -0.35* 0.14 -0.18* 0.09 -0.11 0.08 Negative contact -0.07 0.10 0.19~ 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.09* 0.05 Indirect effectsa b 90% CI b 90% CI b 90% CI b 90% CI Total indirect effect -0.25 -0.43 -0.04 -0.12 -0.33 0.09 -0.11 -0.24 -0.09 -0.11 -0.24 -0.04 Group discrimination 0.01 -0.04 0.07 -0.04 -0.24 0.08 0.00 -0.02 0.04 -0.01 -0.08 0.02 Dutch media -0.15 -0.37 -0.03 0.01 -0.07 0.07 -0.04 -0.14 0.00 0.00 -0.06 0.01 Origin media -0.08 -0.24 0.04 -0.04 -0.21 0.05 -0.01 -0.08 0.01 0.00 -0.04 0.01 Positive contact -0.03 -0.15 0.10 -0.05 -0.25 0.10 -0.06 -0.16 -0.01 -0.05 -0.14 0.00 Negative contact 0.00 -0.04 0.08 0.00 -0.20 0.12 -0.01 -0.06 0.02 -0.05 -0.18 -0.01 **p
This may be part of the explanation for the integration paradox among second generation Turks and Moroccans: higher educated Turks and Moroccans do not make more use of Dutch media, do not have more contact with natives in leisure time and do not experience less personal discrimination. Moreover, for second generation Moroccans, Dutch media usage does not lead to less opposition to ethnically mixed relationships, as we already saw above. We tentatively conclude that especially for second generation Moroccans, who are low in the ethnic hierarchy within the Netherlands (Hagendoorn, 1995), Dutch media usage is not an indicator of involvement with the host country, or at least to a lesser extent, but rather a source for ethnic hostility (Buijs et al., 2006, p. 238). Ethnic Identifi cation We see a consistent picture with respect to ethnic identifi cation (Table 7.4) but effects are more pronounced with respect to ethnic identifi cation than for opposition to ethnically mixed marriages and especially so for second generation migrants. Consequently, we fi nd fewer differences in the explanatory mechanism between generations. In agreement with hypothesis 1 we fi nd a signifi cant total negative effect of education (after controlling for sex, age, social class, language profi ciency, and religiosity) on identifi cation with the country of origin for (fi rst and second generation) Turks (b=-0.03, se=0.02; b=-0.06, se=0.03, respectively), fi rst generation Moroccans (b=-0.04, se=0.02), second generation Surinamese (b=-0.04, se=0.03), and fi rst generation Antilleans (b=-0.03, se=0.02). As with opposition to ethnically mixed relationships, for fi rst generation Surinamese, education is not related to ethnic identifi cation. The absence of an (total) education effect among second generation Antilleans may be due to a fl oor effect; in general second generation Antilleans identify themselves almost solely to the Netherlands (Table 7.2). The absence of a negative education effect among fi rst generation Surinamese and second generation Moroccans may be considered as supporting the idea of an integration paradox. Perceived group threat is not – at least not consistently – related to stronger identifi cations with the country of origin; only for fi rst generation Turks and Surinamese do we observe a signifi cant positive effect (b=0.20, se=0.04; b=0.09, se=0.05; respectively (Table 7.4)). For these groups, group threat even signifi cantly suppresses the negative impact of education (Table 7.4). The higher fi rst generation Turks and Surinamese are educated, the stronger the perception of perceived group threat (Appendix 7.1), and the stronger this perception, the stronger the identifi cation with the country of origin. This is contrary to our expectation as formulated in hypothesis 3 in which we formulated the expectation that group threat would interpret and not suppress the negative education effect. Dutch media consumption is related to less identifi cation with the country of origin for Turks (b=-0.14, se0.03; b=-0.13, se=0.06; for respectively fi rst and second generation) and Moroccans (b=-0.13, se=0.03; b=-019, se=0.07; for respectively fi rst and second generation) and for fi rst generation Antilleans (-0.10, se=0.04). The use of media from the origin country is consistently related to stronger identifi cations with the country of origin. This effect was substantially weaker with respect to opposition to ethnically mixed relationships. Involvement with the host country may thus strengthen ethnic group identifi cations but not necessarily ethnic hostility. Contact in leisure time with native Dutch is also consistently related to less identifi cation with the country of origin for all ethnic groups. These fi ndings thus once 160
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ETHNIC HOSTILITY AMONG ETHNIC MAJOR
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Promotores: prof. dr. N. D. de Graa
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Science is so much more fun when yo
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3.4.1 Opposition to ethnic intermar
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8.3.1 Theoretical implications for
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEW QUESTIONS 1
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1. Introduction | New questions ski
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1. Introduction | The setting of th
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1. Introduction | Research question
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Table 1.1 Outline of empirical chap
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1. Introduction | Notes 27
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2. SOCIAL MOBILITY AND ETHNIC HOSTI
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2. Social Mobility and Ethnic Hosti
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social conformity favour more toler
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e more important than the infl uenc
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2.4 RESULTS 2. Social Mobility and
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1987). Assessment of the importance
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The actual ethnic competition withi
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(Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006). Wagner e
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seven categories: no-religion, Roma
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the lower the opposition to ethnic
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Table 3.1 Hierarchical linear inter
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Table 3.2 Hierarchical linear inter
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In model 8 we focus on the characte
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Table 3.3 Comparison of explanatory
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3.5 CONCLUSIONS We observed a weak
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9. The models presented in this cha
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4. THE LOCAL LIVING ENVIRONMENT AND
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unit such as states or countries, w
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4. The Local Living Environment and
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4.4 RESULTS 4. The Local Living Env
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Table 4.2 continued Household compo
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5. TRENDS IN ETHNIC EDUCATIONAL INE
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5. Trends in Ethnic Educational Ine
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the worsening economic conditions o
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Page 110 and 111: Table 5.3 continued Male (Female=re
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Page 126 and 127: Table 6.1 continued Pre-university
Page 130 and 131: Table 6.2 continued Lower general t
Page 138 and 139: Model 4 includes both the ability m
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Page 148 and 149: 7. Educational Attainment and Ethni
Page 152 and 153: Table 7.1 Summary of hypotheses Cor
Page 156 and 157: Table 7.2 continued Control variabl
Page 164 and 165: Table 7.4 continued 2nd gen. Turks
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Page 172 and 173: 8. CONCLUSION 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8. C
Page 174 and 175: 8.2 QUESTIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSI
Page 176 and 177: 8. Conclusion | Questions, results
Page 182 and 183: local living environments (on ethni
Page 190 and 191: 8. Conclusion | Theoretical implica
Page 192 and 193: ethnic hosting threat contact / res
Page 194 and 195: 8. Conclusion | Retrospect and pros
Page 196 and 197: 8. Conclusion | Notes 195
Page 198 and 199: APPENDIX Appendix 197
Page 200 and 201: APPENDIX 2.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Page 202 and 203: Appendix 2.3 continued Mobility typ
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Page 208 and 209: impact on depY. *The relative impac
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Appendix *The impact of the destina
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vector d = d1 to d6. vector p = p1
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*and with constraints our model wou
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Appendix 215
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Appendix 3.1 continued father’s s
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APPENDIX 3.3 OPPOSITION TO ETHNIC I
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Appendix Appendix 4.1 continued Eco
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Appendix APPENDIX 4.3 VARIANCE COMP
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Appendix 5.1 continued Ethnicity N
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APPENDIX 5.3 ROBUSTNESS OF ES ASSOC
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Appendix APPENDIX 5.5 MULTI-NOMINAL
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Appendix 7.1 continued 2nd gen. 2nd
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Appendix 233
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography Abu-Rayya
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Bibliography Buijs, F. J., Demant,
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Bibliography (pp. 345-383). Oxford:
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Bibliography euthanasia, homosexual
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Bibliography Onderzoek (ISEO). Mart
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Bibliography Politics, 58(1), 41-72
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Bibliography Worchel (Eds.), The so
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Bibliography 249
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Summary in Dutch / Nederlandstalige
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CURRICULUM VITAE Curriculum Vitae J
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ICS DISSERTATION SERIES ICS dissert
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ICS dissertation series 37) Andreas
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ICS dissertation series 76) Inge Si
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ICS dissertation series 115) Martin
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Why do some individuals express mor
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Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

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