Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

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Table 4.2 continued Household composition (single no children=reference) Single parent 7.51** 2.68 0.00 0.07 -0.61** 0.18 0.62** 0.19 Married no children 6.41** 1.86 -0.05 0.05 -0.32** 0.12 0.25~ 0.13 Married with children 9.93** 1.89 -0.05 0.05 -0.21~ 0.13 0.60** 0.13 Unmarried couple no children 4.70 3.02 -0.09 0.07 -0.01 0.21 -0.60** 0.23 Unmarried couple with children 3.96 3.46 0.00 0.09 -0.20 0.23 0.08 0.24 Neighbourhood characteristics; main effects and cross-level interactions Ethnic heterogeneity (0.04 – 0.60) 3.08 8.32 0.52** 0.15 Ethnic heterogeneity*income 8.79* 3.77 -0.26** 0.09 Economic heterogeneity (0.06 – 0.30) -34.62 23.86 1.52 1.59 Economic heterogeneity*income -2.65* 1.12 Economic heterogeneity*education -9.53~ 5.59 Mean income (1.31 – 4.46) 7.21** 2.46 0.30~ 0.18 0.24~ 0.14 Residential mobility (30.00 – 248.60) b -2.75~ 1.47 Municipality characteristics; main effects and cross-level interactions Ethnic heterogeneity (0.04 – 0.59) -14.63 9.90 0.28 0.36 -1.09** 0.39 Ethnic heterogeneity*education -4.67** 1.94 0.24* 0.09 Mean income (1.47 – 3.34) -0.29** 0.09 -0.67* 0.27 Mean income*income 0.33~ 0.19 Residential mobility (48.00 – 170.50) b 61.53 39.66 Residential mobility*education 19.97~ 10.74 ~p< 0.10; *p< 0.05; **p< 0.01 (two sided test of signifi cance) a Controls variables also included in the model but not show: dummy variables indicating imputation of missing values; other category for: ethnicity, household composition, and denomination. Range of variables between brackets. b Parameter estimates have been multiplied by 1000.
Before we turn to the impact of locality characteristics, we briefl y discuss the effects at the individual level for which we hypothesised that contextual characteristics may have different effects (i.e. which have been used in cross-level interactions), namely income, education and ethnicity. Compared to native Dutch, Antilleans and Turks have more and Indonesians have less contact with their neighbours. In general, ethnic minority groups express more tolerance to neighbours from a different race (although only the parameter estimates for Surinamese and Indonesians reach signifi cance). Ethnic minority groups have lower levels of generalised trust than native Dutch but do not participate more or less in voluntary associations. The higher one’s income, the lower the contact frequency with neighbours, the more tolerance to a neighbour from a different race, and the higher one’s feelings of generalised trust. People with higher levels of education have less contact with their neighbours, express more tolerance to neighbours from a different race, have higher levels of trust and participate more in voluntary work. These main effects of ethnicity, income and education on our dimensions of social cohesion are fi rmly in line with previous research (Gesthuizen et al., 2008, see chapter 3). The parameter estimates of our other control variables at the individual level (age, sex, employment status, health, religiosity, and household composition) did not lead to surprising results. In general, after controlling for individual level characteristics and by taking into account contextual characteristics simultaneously, we fi nd far less support for our hypotheses stating that (ethnic or economic) heterogeneity, poverty, crime, or residential mobility negatively affect social cohesion. Compared to Table 1, much fewer (main) effects of locality characteristics reached signifi cance. Perhaps most strikingly, ethnic heterogeneity at the neighbourhood level is no longer negatively related to any of our indicators of social cohesion. Ethnic heterogeneity at the neighbourhood level is even signifi cantly positively related to contact with neighbours for residents with income levels above average (as indicated by the signifi cant cross-level interaction, b=8.79, se=3.77) and to tolerance to neighbours from a different race (the main effect is 0.52 (se=0.15)), especially for residents with income levels below average (the cross-level interaction is -0.26 (se=0.09)). Ethnic heterogeneity at the municipality level is also positively and not negatively related to generalised trust for residents with educational levels above average (b=0.24, se=0.09). The only effects of ethnic heterogeneity in line with our predictions are that ethnic heterogeneity within municipalities is negatively related to voluntary work (b=-1.09, se=0.39) and negatively related to contact with neighbours for the higher educated (as indicated by the crosslevel interaction b=-4.67, se=1.94). All in all, we thus fi nd little support for hypothesis 1. Economic heterogeneity within neighbourhoods or municipalities does not consistently negatively affect social cohesion either, contrary to our second hypothesis. Economic heterogeneity of the neighbourhood only reduces contact with neighbours for the higher educated (as indicated by the signifi cant cross-level interaction, b=-9.53, se=5.59) and reduces generalised feelings of trust for residents with income levels above average (as indicated by the signifi cant cross-level interaction, b=-2.65, se=1.12). Instead of economic heterogeneity it is economic affl uence that infl uences social cohesion; the most consistent fi nding is that the economic affl uence of neighbourhoods is 86
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ETHNIC HOSTILITY AMONG ETHNIC MAJOR
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Promotores: prof. dr. N. D. de Graa
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Science is so much more fun when yo
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3.4.1 Opposition to ethnic intermar
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8.3.1 Theoretical implications for
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEW QUESTIONS 1
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1. Introduction | New questions ski
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1. Introduction | The setting of th
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1. Introduction | Research question
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Table 1.1 Outline of empirical chap
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1. Introduction | Notes 27
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2. SOCIAL MOBILITY AND ETHNIC HOSTI
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2. Social Mobility and Ethnic Hosti
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Page 51 and 52: 1987). Assessment of the importance
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Page 102 and 103: the worsening economic conditions o
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6. Explanations for Ethnic Educatio
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Model 4 includes both the ability m
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7. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND ETHNI
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among four ethnic minority groups i
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7. Educational Attainment and Ethni
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Table 7.1 Summary of hypotheses Cor
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Table 7.2 continued Control variabl
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Table 7.3 continued 2nd gen. Turks
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Table 7.4 continued 2nd gen. Turks
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8. CONCLUSION 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8. C
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8.2 QUESTIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSI
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8. Conclusion | Questions, results
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local living environments (on ethni
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8. Conclusion | Theoretical implica
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ethnic hosting threat contact / res
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8. Conclusion | Retrospect and pros
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8. Conclusion | Notes 195
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APPENDIX Appendix 197
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APPENDIX 2.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
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Appendix 2.3 continued Mobility typ
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APPENDIX 2.4 TUTORIAL DIAGONAL MOBI
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*********MEANS and OLS***********.
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impact on depY. *The relative impac
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Appendix *The impact of the destina
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vector d = d1 to d6. vector p = p1
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*and with constraints our model wou
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Appendix 215
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Appendix 3.1 continued father’s s
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APPENDIX 3.3 OPPOSITION TO ETHNIC I
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Appendix Appendix 4.1 continued Eco
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Appendix APPENDIX 4.3 VARIANCE COMP
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Appendix 5.1 continued Ethnicity N
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APPENDIX 5.3 ROBUSTNESS OF ES ASSOC
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Appendix APPENDIX 5.5 MULTI-NOMINAL
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Appendix 7.1 continued 2nd gen. 2nd
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Appendix 233
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography Abu-Rayya
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Bibliography Buijs, F. J., Demant,
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Bibliography (pp. 345-383). Oxford:
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Bibliography euthanasia, homosexual
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Bibliography Onderzoek (ISEO). Mart
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Bibliography Politics, 58(1), 41-72
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Bibliography Worchel (Eds.), The so
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Bibliography 249
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Summary in Dutch / Nederlandstalige
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CURRICULUM VITAE Curriculum Vitae J
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ICS DISSERTATION SERIES ICS dissert
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ICS dissertation series 37) Andreas
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ICS dissertation series 76) Inge Si
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ICS dissertation series 115) Martin
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Why do some individuals express mor
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