Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

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3. The Local Living Environment and Ethnic Hostility | Results signifi cantly affect opposition to ethnic intermarriage once individual level-characteristics and mobility were controlled for. The next question is whether the explanatory model for opposition to ethnic intermarriage on this sub-sample is similar to explanatory models for other indicators of ethnic hostility on this sub-sample. We compare the explanatory model for opposition to ethnic intermarriage with the explanatory models on whether there are too many immigrants in the Netherlands, and on the extent to which the Dutch government should be lenient in issuing residence permits to persons whose life is at risk in their country of origin. In order to compare the effect sizes of the independent variables, we standardised the respective dependent variables. The education effect is consistent across the three models. Church attendance reduces opposition to ethnic intermarriage, and more frequent churchgoers agree less often on there being too many migrants in the Netherlands. Catholics and Protestants are more opposed to ethnic heterogamy than the non-religious, but do not have different views on granting a residence permit to someone whose life is at risk and do not agree more or less often in there being too many migrants in the Netherlands. This is another indication that opposition to ethnic intermarriage overlaps with opposition to religious heterogamy. None of the contextual characteristics infl uence views on granting a residence permit to someone whose life is at risk. In the models regarding opposition to ethnic intermarriage and the view on whether there are too many immigrants in the Netherlands, an increase of ethnic minorities at the municipality level leads to more hostile views. In these two models, higher mobility rates lead to less hostile views. The non-signifi cance of the economic situation of the municipality is likely due to the smaller sample size. Notwithstanding some noteworthy differences, the model pertaining to attitudes towards the number of immigrants in the Netherlands and the model regarding ethnic intermarriage are almost identical (Table 3.3). 65
Table 3.3 Comparison of explanatory models for different indicators of ethnic hostility. N i =771 a There are too many migrants Residence permit for someone whose life is at risk Ethnic intermarriage b SE b SE b SE Constant 0.01 0.17 0.12 0.17 -0.20 0.17 Parental characteristics Parental education (in years) -0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.01 -0.01 0.01 Father’s social class (unskilled manual = ref.) Higher professional. 0.09 0.13 0.08 0.13 0.21 0.13 Lower professional 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.21 0.13 Routine non-manual -0.05 0.13 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.13 Small self-employed -0.06 0.13 0.25 0.13 -0.04 0.13 Skilled manual 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.12 Respondent’s characteristics Age*10 0.07~ 0.04 -0.08* 0.04 0.07~ 0.04 Female 0.09 0.07 -0.21* 0.07 -0.04 0.07 Education (in years) -0.05* 0.01 -0.07* 0.01 -0.05* 0.01 Employment status (unskilled manual = ref.) Pensioner 0.12 0.19 0.08 0.19 0.00 0.19 Student -0.10 0.23 -0.22 0.24 -0.01 0.23 Disabled 0.06 0.20 -0.06 0.21 -0.03 0.20 Unemployed -0.37~ 0.21 -0.31 0.22 0.00 0.21 In care of household -0.15 0.25 0.20 0.26 0.10 0.25 Higher professional -0.15 0.17 -0.20 0.17 -0.34* 0.17 Lower professional -0.04 0.16 -0.20 0.16 -0.19 0.16 Continued on next page
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ETHNIC HOSTILITY AMONG ETHNIC MAJOR
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Promotores: prof. dr. N. D. de Graa
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Science is so much more fun when yo
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3.4.1 Opposition to ethnic intermar
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8.3.1 Theoretical implications for
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEW QUESTIONS 1
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Page 18 and 19: 1. Introduction | The setting of th
Page 20 and 21: 1. Introduction | Research question
Page 26 and 27: Table 1.1 Outline of empirical chap
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Page 32 and 33: 2. SOCIAL MOBILITY AND ETHNIC HOSTI
Page 34 and 35: 2. Social Mobility and Ethnic Hosti
Page 36 and 37: social conformity favour more toler
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Page 42 and 43: 2.4 RESULTS 2. Social Mobility and
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Page 51 and 52: 1987). Assessment of the importance
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Page 55 and 56: (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006). Wagner e
Page 57 and 58: seven categories: no-religion, Roma
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Page 61 and 62: Table 3.1 Hierarchical linear inter
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.2 Hierarchical linear inter
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Page 69 and 70: 3.5 CONCLUSIONS We observed a weak
Page 71 and 72: 9. The models presented in this cha
Page 74 and 75: 4. THE LOCAL LIVING ENVIRONMENT AND
Page 76 and 77: unit such as states or countries, w
Page 78 and 79: 4. The Local Living Environment and
Page 84 and 85: 4.4 RESULTS 4. The Local Living Env
Page 86 and 87: Table 4.2 continued Household compo
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Page 96 and 97: 5. TRENDS IN ETHNIC EDUCATIONAL INE
Page 98 and 99: 5. Trends in Ethnic Educational Ine
Page 102 and 103: the worsening economic conditions o
Page 110 and 111: Table 5.3 continued Male (Female=re
Page 112 and 113: Table 5.4 continued Male (Female= r
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5. Trends in Ethnic Educational Ine
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6. EXPLANATIONS FOR ETHNIC EDUCATIO
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To answer our research questions, w
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6. Explanations for Ethnic Educatio
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Table 6.1 continued Pre-university
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Table 6.2 continued Lower general t
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Model 4 includes both the ability m
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7. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND ETHNI
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among four ethnic minority groups i
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7. Educational Attainment and Ethni
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Table 7.1 Summary of hypotheses Cor
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Table 7.2 continued Control variabl
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Table 7.3 continued 2nd gen. Turks
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Table 7.4 continued 2nd gen. Turks
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8. CONCLUSION 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8. C
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8.2 QUESTIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSI
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8. Conclusion | Questions, results
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local living environments (on ethni
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8. Conclusion | Theoretical implica
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ethnic hosting threat contact / res
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8. Conclusion | Retrospect and pros
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8. Conclusion | Notes 195
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APPENDIX Appendix 197
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APPENDIX 2.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
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Appendix 2.3 continued Mobility typ
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APPENDIX 2.4 TUTORIAL DIAGONAL MOBI
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*********MEANS and OLS***********.
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impact on depY. *The relative impac
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Appendix *The impact of the destina
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vector d = d1 to d6. vector p = p1
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*and with constraints our model wou
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Appendix 215
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Appendix 3.1 continued father’s s
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APPENDIX 3.3 OPPOSITION TO ETHNIC I
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Appendix Appendix 4.1 continued Eco
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Appendix APPENDIX 4.3 VARIANCE COMP
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Appendix 5.1 continued Ethnicity N
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APPENDIX 5.3 ROBUSTNESS OF ES ASSOC
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Appendix APPENDIX 5.5 MULTI-NOMINAL
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Appendix 7.1 continued 2nd gen. 2nd
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Appendix 233
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography Abu-Rayya
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Bibliography Buijs, F. J., Demant,
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Bibliography (pp. 345-383). Oxford:
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Bibliography euthanasia, homosexual
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Bibliography Onderzoek (ISEO). Mart
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Bibliography Politics, 58(1), 41-72
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Bibliography Worchel (Eds.), The so
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Bibliography 249
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Summary in Dutch / Nederlandstalige
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CURRICULUM VITAE Curriculum Vitae J
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ICS DISSERTATION SERIES ICS dissert
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ICS dissertation series 37) Andreas
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ICS dissertation series 76) Inge Si
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ICS dissertation series 115) Martin
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Why do some individuals express mor
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Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

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