Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

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4. The Local Living Environment and Indicators of Social Cohesion | Data, measurements and methods number of burglary victims per 1000 residents in the locale. The number of recorded offences in the time period 2000-2004 per 1000 residents has been derived from offi cial crime statistics. The number of criminal suspects living in each locality (per 1000 residents) has been derived from offi cial crime statistics as well. We calculated the standardised sum score of these three distinct crime measures to construct a single indicator of crime. 6 Finally, the residential mobility of a locale is a sum score of all people who moved within a locale plus half the sum of movers out of, and into a locale in 2004, divided by the total inhabitants of the locale. Note that due to our unique data, all neighbourhood characteristics are measured at the correct level, the four digit zip code. We thus did not use characteristics of larger localities as proxies for neighbourhood characteristics. Descriptive statistics for both individual level variables and contextual level variables may be found in Appendix 4.1. In order to facilitate interpretation of the cross-level effects, we centered the involved variables (accept for ethnicity) around their respective grand (sample) mean values. Correlations between the context variables are summarised in Appendix 4.2. 4.3.4 Modelling strategy We employ multi-level analyses to take into account the nesting structure of our data (Snijders and Bosker, 1999). For the metric dependent variables, we estimate hierarchical linear random intercept regression models (with lme4 in R, fi nal results were verifi ed with xtmixed in STATA 10); for the dichotomous dependent variables, multi-level logistic regression models (with lme4 in R, fi nal results were verifi ed with xtmelogit in STATA 10). The estimated variance components are summarised in Appendix 4.3. 7 It is impossible to estimate all contextual characteristics and proposed cross-level interactions simultaneously. With so many related contextual variables and cross-level interaction variables, we would experience problems of collinearity. It is also undesirable to include all contextual characteristics simultaneously, since the inclusion of irrelevant contextual variables will cause standard errors to be needlessly large. We deal with this problem in two ways. First, we will investigate the bivariate relationships between locality characteristics and social cohesion. Second, to come to our fi nal multivariate explanatory models we will follow a stepwise procedure. We start with a base model that included all individual level characteristics but no locality characteristics. As a criterion for entry and removal of contextual characteristics we use the signifi cance of the parameter estimates, respectively p0.10, two-tailed. The order of introduction is determined by the improvement of the model fi t as indicated by the likelihood value. 8 81
Table 4.1 Bivariate relationships between locality characteristics and indicators of social cohesiona Contact neighbours Tolerance neighbours Generalised trust Voluntary work (0 – 78) different race (0 – 4) (0 – 1) (0 – 1) b se b se b se b se Neighbourhood characteristics Ethnic heterogeneity (0.04 – 0.60) -13.31** 4.66 0.64** 0.15 -0.54~ 0.32 -2.03** 0.31 Economic heterogeneity (0.06 – 0.30) -23.04 20.02 0.73 0.57 5.53** 1.34 0.34 1.36 Mean income (1.31 – 4.46) 3.72* 1.86 -0.03 0.05 0.68** 0.13 0.58** 0.13 Crime (-0.43 – 1.53) -5.28** 1.97 0.10~ 0.06 -0.10 0.13 -0.51** 0.14 Residential mobility (30.00 – 248.60) b -62.78** 17.23 2.28** 0.53 0.39 1.19 -7.47** 1.21 Municipality characteristics Ethnic Heterogeneity (0.04 – 0.59) -14.02** 5.18 0.72** 0.19 -0.13 0.36 -2.33** 0.35 Economic heterogeneity (0.10 – 0.34) -58.87* 24.31 0.97 0.82 1.57 1.63 -5.97** 1.77 Mean income (1.47 – 3.34) -1.09 3.27 -0.17 0.10 0.12 0.22 0.19 0.23 Crime (-1.70 – 4.18) -1.02* 0.51 0.05** 0.02 0.00 0.03 -0.21** 0.03 Residential mobility (48.00 – 170.50) b -58.96* 26.98 3.36** 0.95 0.67 1.82 -10.99** 1.82 ~p< 0.10; *p< 0.05; **p< 0.01 (two sided test of signifi cance) a Parameter estimates of hierarchical random intercept regression models in which only the contextual characteristic of interest is included. Range of variables between brackets. b Parameter estimates have been multiplied by 1000.
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ETHNIC HOSTILITY AMONG ETHNIC MAJOR
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Promotores: prof. dr. N. D. de Graa
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Science is so much more fun when yo
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3.4.1 Opposition to ethnic intermar
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8.3.1 Theoretical implications for
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEW QUESTIONS 1
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1. Introduction | New questions ski
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1. Introduction | The setting of th
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1. Introduction | Research question
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Table 1.1 Outline of empirical chap
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1. Introduction | Notes 27
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6. Explanations for Ethnic Educatio
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Model 4 includes both the ability m
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7. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND ETHNI
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among four ethnic minority groups i
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7. Educational Attainment and Ethni
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Table 7.1 Summary of hypotheses Cor
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Table 7.2 continued Control variabl
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Table 7.3 continued 2nd gen. Turks
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Table 7.4 continued 2nd gen. Turks
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8. CONCLUSION 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8. C
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8.2 QUESTIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSI
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8. Conclusion | Questions, results
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local living environments (on ethni
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8. Conclusion | Theoretical implica
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ethnic hosting threat contact / res
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8. Conclusion | Retrospect and pros
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8. Conclusion | Notes 195
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APPENDIX Appendix 197
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APPENDIX 2.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
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Appendix 2.3 continued Mobility typ
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APPENDIX 2.4 TUTORIAL DIAGONAL MOBI
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*********MEANS and OLS***********.
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impact on depY. *The relative impac
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Appendix *The impact of the destina
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vector d = d1 to d6. vector p = p1
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*and with constraints our model wou
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Appendix 215
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Appendix 3.1 continued father’s s
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APPENDIX 3.3 OPPOSITION TO ETHNIC I
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Appendix Appendix 4.1 continued Eco
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Appendix APPENDIX 4.3 VARIANCE COMP
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Appendix 5.1 continued Ethnicity N
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APPENDIX 5.3 ROBUSTNESS OF ES ASSOC
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Appendix APPENDIX 5.5 MULTI-NOMINAL
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Appendix 7.1 continued 2nd gen. 2nd
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Appendix 233
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography Abu-Rayya
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Bibliography Buijs, F. J., Demant,
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Bibliography (pp. 345-383). Oxford:
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Bibliography euthanasia, homosexual
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Bibliography Onderzoek (ISEO). Mart
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Bibliography Politics, 58(1), 41-72
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Bibliography Worchel (Eds.), The so
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Bibliography 249
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Summary in Dutch / Nederlandstalige
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CURRICULUM VITAE Curriculum Vitae J
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ICS DISSERTATION SERIES ICS dissert
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ICS dissertation series 37) Andreas
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ICS dissertation series 76) Inge Si
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ICS dissertation series 115) Martin
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Why do some individuals express mor
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