Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

More documents

Recommendations

Info

3. The Local Living Environment and Ethnic Hostility | Data, measurements and methods The opposition to ethnic intermarriage scale was constructed by adding the scores on three items on views related to ethnic intermarriage with specifi c ethnic groups (‘Would it bother you if one of your children decided to marry someone of [Turkish/Moroccan/Surinamese] descent?’, with answer categories (4) ‘bother me a lot’, (3) ‘bother me a little’, (2) ‘neutral’, (1) ‘not bother me’, (0) ‘not bother me at all’). The three items constituted a Mokken scale (Mokken, 1971): the Loevinger’s H for the entire scale was 0.92 and the lowest Loevinger’s H per item pair was 0.89. Respondents are most opposed to an ethnic intermarriage with Moroccans, followed by an ethnic intermarriage with Turks. This fi nding is in line with previous research on the ethnic hierarchy in the Netherlands (Hagendoorn & Pepels, 2003). The constituted ‘ethnic intermarriage scale’ runs from 0-12, and higher scores indicate more opposition to ethnic heterogamy. It closely follows a normal distribution. Approximately 40 per cent of our respondents are bothered if one of their children decides to marry someone from either Turkish, Moroccan or Surinamese descent. To assess the construct validity of the ethnic marriage scale, we tested the relationship to other prejudice-related concepts among the indicated sub-sample of respondents. Within this sub-sample, the three items on ethnic intermarriage referring to a specifi c ethnic group also formed a Mokken scale with other items measuring social distance (Bogardus, 1928). As expected, exclusionistic attitudes were most prevalent when it came to ethnic heterogamy. Furthermore, the ethnic intermarriage scale correlated signifi cantly with more restrictive views on Dutch immigration policies (e.g. ‘To what extent do you believe the Dutch government should be lenient in issuing residence permits to people from other countries who wish to live and work in the Netherlands for the following reason: someone whose life is at risk in his country of origin because of the political situation’, Pearson correlation r=0.23), with negative views on the multicultural society (e.g. ‘There are too many migrants in the Netherlands’, Pearson correlation r=0.50) and with individually-experienced ethnic threat (‘Do you feel at ease in the company of migrants?’, Pearson correlation r=0.44). In sum, our dependent variable forms part of an ethnic social-distance scale and is related to views on immigration policies, the multicultural society in general, and individually-perceived ethnic threat. The propositions of group-threat theories such as ECT that relate to prejudice and exclusionism should therefore hold in relation to opposition to ethnic intermarriage. Sex was coded as (1) male and (0) female. Age was measured in years. Education was measured in years: no complete primary=4; primary education=6; lower vocational education (LBO)=8; lower general education (MAVO)=10; medium vocational education (MBO)=10.5; medium general education (HAVO)=11; higher general education (VWO)=12; higher vocational education (HBO)=15; and university=16. For parental education, we used the highest education of either parent and it was also measured in years. We replaced missing values with mean values. The employment categories were measured using a condensed version of the original elevencategory EGP classifi cation scheme created by Erikson, Goldthorpe and Portocarero (1979). We used current occupational status to derive the social class of the respondent, and added the categories: pensioner, student, disabled, in care of household, and unemployed. For father’s social class we used the occupation of the father at the time the respondent was aged 15, and this was measured by the EGP scheme too. The denomination of the respondent was measured in 55
seven categories: no-religion, Roman Catholic, Dutch Reformed and Calvinists (synodal), other Calvinist denominations, other Christian denominations, other denominations, and missing. Church attendance was measured in times per year. Missing values on church attendance were set to the mean value. Mother’s denomination was measured likewise. We chose mother’s denomination instead of the father’s since mothers have the strongest infl uence on religious socialisation (Bao, Whitbeck, Hoyt, & Conger, 1999). 3.3.2 Macro-level measurements The NKPS survey data on individual-level characteristics were enriched with data on structural characteristics of neighbourhoods (NB, four-digit zip codes) and municipalities (MP). Information on socio-economic disadvantage of the locale and relative group sizes was taken from Dutch municipalities’ administration data published by Statistics Netherlands. Percentage of ethnic minorities at the neighbourhood and municipality levels was calculated as non-Western minorities. Within the Dutch administration data, ethnic minorities are people with at least one parent born in the respective origin country. Non-Western minorities predominantly include immigrants from Turkey, Morocco and Suriname. We also constructed the variable change in percentage of ethnic minorities as a change score of the percentage of non-Western ethnic minorities at the locale between 2001 and 1999. 4 At the municipality level, we had additional information on percentages of the specifi c Moroccan, Turkish and Surinamese ethnic groups (Statistics Netherlands). For 2001, a summary measure of socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhood (SES dis. NB) was computed based on the results of a principal component analysis (PCA) on 2945 neighbourhoods. The PCA included the scores of mean income of income recipients, percentage of income recipients with a low income, and percentage inhabitants living on public benefi ts. We labelled the fi rst component as socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhood. A similar procedure was followed for the raw changes in these three indicators. The extracted component of a PCA including these three change scores was labelled change in socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhood (ΔSES dis. NB). Likewise, we constructed the measurements socio-economically disadvantaged municipality (SES dis. MP) and change in socio-economically disadvantaged municipality (ΔSES dis. MP). 5 Locations of 39 Muslim schools in 2002 were provided by the Board of Islamic Education, ISBO (www.deisbo.nl). The best information we could fi nd on the location of 454 Mosques NB/MP was a data fi le derived from Nico Landman, which has been updated with internet resources. We have to acknowledge that large differences exist in the visibility of these Mosques, for which we cannot control. We counted the presence of all types of mosques and Muslim schools within neighbourhoods and municipalities. We used two indicators for crime rates at the locale. The Dutch Police Population Monitor (PPM, Politiemonitor Bevolking) includes standardised questions on victimisation experiences. We aggregated the PPM data of the 1999, 2001 and 2003 waves (approximately 150,000 respondents). Victims of burglary NB/MP is a count of burglary victims within the spatial units of neighbourhoods and municipalities divided by the total PMM respondents who lived within these localities. Figures on crime statistics NB/MP have been obtained from the Dutch police registration systems (HKS, 56
Page 1 and 2:
ETHNIC HOSTILITY AMONG ETHNIC MAJOR
Page 3:
Promotores: prof. dr. N. D. de Graa
Page 6 and 7: Science is so much more fun when yo
Page 8 and 9: 3.4.1 Opposition to ethnic intermar
Page 10: 8.3.1 Theoretical implications for
Page 14 and 15: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEW QUESTIONS 1
Page 16 and 17: 1. Introduction | New questions ski
Page 18 and 19: 1. Introduction | The setting of th
Page 20 and 21: 1. Introduction | Research question
Page 26 and 27: Table 1.1 Outline of empirical chap
Page 28: 1. Introduction | Notes 27
Page 32 and 33: 2. SOCIAL MOBILITY AND ETHNIC HOSTI
Page 34 and 35: 2. Social Mobility and Ethnic Hosti
Page 36 and 37: social conformity favour more toler
Page 40 and 41: e more important than the infl uenc
Page 42 and 43: 2.4 RESULTS 2. Social Mobility and
Page 48: 2. Social Mobility and Ethnic Hosti
Page 51 and 52: 1987). Assessment of the importance
Page 53 and 54: The actual ethnic competition withi
Page 55: (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006). Wagner e
Page 59 and 60: the lower the opposition to ethnic
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.1 Hierarchical linear inter
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.2 Hierarchical linear inter
Page 65 and 66: In model 8 we focus on the characte
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.3 Comparison of explanatory
Page 69 and 70: 3.5 CONCLUSIONS We observed a weak
Page 71 and 72: 9. The models presented in this cha
Page 74 and 75: 4. THE LOCAL LIVING ENVIRONMENT AND
Page 76 and 77: unit such as states or countries, w
Page 78 and 79: 4. The Local Living Environment and
Page 84 and 85: 4.4 RESULTS 4. The Local Living Env
Page 86 and 87: Table 4.2 continued Household compo
Page 92: 4. The Local Living Environment and
Page 96 and 97: 5. TRENDS IN ETHNIC EDUCATIONAL INE
Page 98 and 99: 5. Trends in Ethnic Educational Ine
Page 102 and 103: the worsening economic conditions o
Page 106 and 107:
5. Trends in Ethnic Educational Ine
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Table 5.3 continued Male (Female=re
Page 112 and 113:
Table 5.4 continued Male (Female= r
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
6. EXPLANATIONS FOR ETHNIC EDUCATIO
Page 120 and 121:
To answer our research questions, w
Page 122 and 123:
6. Explanations for Ethnic Educatio
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Table 6.1 continued Pre-university
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Table 6.2 continued Lower general t
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Model 4 includes both the ability m
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
7. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND ETHNI
Page 146 and 147:
among four ethnic minority groups i
Page 148 and 149:
7. Educational Attainment and Ethni
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Table 7.1 Summary of hypotheses Cor
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Table 7.2 continued Control variabl
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Table 7.3 continued 2nd gen. Turks
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Table 7.4 continued 2nd gen. Turks
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168:
Page 172 and 173:
8. CONCLUSION 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8. C
Page 174 and 175:
8.2 QUESTIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSI
Page 176 and 177:
8. Conclusion | Questions, results
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
local living environments (on ethni
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
8. Conclusion | Theoretical implica
Page 192 and 193:
ethnic hosting threat contact / res
Page 194 and 195:
8. Conclusion | Retrospect and pros
Page 196 and 197:
8. Conclusion | Notes 195
Page 198 and 199:
APPENDIX Appendix 197
Page 200 and 201:
APPENDIX 2.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Page 202 and 203:
Appendix 2.3 continued Mobility typ
Page 204 and 205:
APPENDIX 2.4 TUTORIAL DIAGONAL MOBI
Page 206 and 207:
*********MEANS and OLS***********.
Page 208 and 209:
impact on depY. *The relative impac
Page 210 and 211:
Appendix *The impact of the destina
Page 212 and 213:
vector d = d1 to d6. vector p = p1
Page 214 and 215:
*and with constraints our model wou
Page 216 and 217:
Appendix 215
Page 218 and 219:
Appendix 3.1 continued father’s s
Page 220 and 221:
APPENDIX 3.3 OPPOSITION TO ETHNIC I
Page 222 and 223:
Appendix Appendix 4.1 continued Eco
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix APPENDIX 4.3 VARIANCE COMP
Page 226 and 227:
Appendix 5.1 continued Ethnicity N
Page 228 and 229:
APPENDIX 5.3 ROBUSTNESS OF ES ASSOC
Page 230 and 231:
Appendix APPENDIX 5.5 MULTI-NOMINAL
Page 232 and 233:
Appendix 7.1 continued 2nd gen. 2nd
Page 234 and 235:
Appendix 233
Page 236 and 237:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography Abu-Rayya
Page 238 and 239:
Bibliography Buijs, F. J., Demant,
Page 240 and 241:
Bibliography (pp. 345-383). Oxford:
Page 242 and 243:
Bibliography euthanasia, homosexual
Page 244 and 245:
Bibliography Onderzoek (ISEO). Mart
Page 246 and 247:
Bibliography Politics, 58(1), 41-72
Page 248 and 249:
Bibliography Worchel (Eds.), The so
Page 250 and 251:
Bibliography 249
Page 252 and 253:
Summary in Dutch / Nederlandstalige
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
CURRICULUM VITAE Curriculum Vitae J
Page 266 and 267:
ICS DISSERTATION SERIES ICS dissert
Page 268 and 269:
ICS dissertation series 37) Andreas
Page 270 and 271:
ICS dissertation series 76) Inge Si
Page 272 and 273:
ICS dissertation series 115) Martin
Page 274:
Why do some individuals express mor
show all

Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?