Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

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4.4 RESULTS 4. The Local Living Environment and Indicators of Social Cohesion | Results 4.4.1 Bivariate relationships between locality characteristics and indicators of social cohesion The bivariate relationships between on the one hand neighbourhood and municipality characteristics and on the other hand our indicators of social cohesion are summarised in Table 1. The values in Table 1 refer to the parameter estimates of hierarchical random intercept regression models in which only the contextual characteristic of interest is included. At the neighbourhood level, ethnic heterogeneity is negatively and signifi cantly related to contact frequency with one’s neighbours (b=-13.31), generalised trust (b=-0.54), and volunteering (b=-2.04). In economically advantaged neighbourhoods, residents have more frequently contact with their neighbours (b=3.72), higher levels of generalised trust (b=0.68), and participate more in voluntary work (b=0.58). Crime and residential mobility in one’s neighbourhood are negatively related to contact frequency with one’s neighbours and voluntary work (Table 1). So far the bivariate relationships between neighbourhood characteristics and social cohesion are in agreement with our predictions. On the other hand, economic inequality within the neighbourhood as operationalised by the Gini coeffi cient is not negatively related to any of our distinguished aspects of social cohesion. Moreover, ethnic heterogeneity, crime, and residential mobility are positively related to tolerance to neighbours from a different race. Although somewhat surprisingly from the constrict proposition (Putnam 2007), these latter fi ndings are in line with the bivariate relationships as reported in Chapter 3 and with respect to ethnic diversity, they support the contact theory. When we look at the relationships between characteristics at the municipality level and our indicators of social cohesion, we mainly fi nd similar results. However, there are also some striking differences. Whereas economic heterogeneity at the neighbourhood level is not negatively related to any of our indicators of social cohesion, at the municipality level it is related to less contact with neighbours and lower levels of volunteering, in line with our predictions. And although mean income at the neighbourhood level is fairly consistently related to more social cohesion, mean municipality income is not related to any of our indicators of social cohesion. 4.4.2 The unique impact of locality characteristics on indicators of social cohesion The results discussed so far referred to bivariate relationships between contextual characteristics and our indicators of social cohesion. The observed relationships may however be due to composition effects. In this case, individuals living in these localities are more (or less) likely to have pro-social attitudes or display social behaviour due to their own characteristics instead of characteristics of their local environment. Moreover, since locality characteristics are correlated we need to include (relevant) contextual characteristics simultaneously into our explanatory models. Finally, since we assumed that contextual characteristics may have a different impact across ethnic, income or education groups, we need to take into account possible cross-level interactions. Our multi-variate hierarchical random intercept regression models with cross-level interactions with which we test our hypotheses are summarised in Table 2. The presented main effects of locality characteristics indicate the general (or mean) effect within the population on social cohesion. The cross-level interactions show to what extent the impact of locality characteristics is conditional on individual-level characteristics. 83
Voluntary work (0 – 1) Generalised trust (0 – 1) Tolerance neighbours different race (0 – 4) Table 4.2 Relationships between locality characteristics and indicators of social cohesiona Contact neighbours (0 – 78) b se b se b se b se Individual characteristics Intercept 17.52** 3.96 3.52** 0.10 -0.6* 0.27 -1.97** 0.28 Income (in 1000 euros; 0.04 – 10.00) -0.33 0.62 0.03* 0.02 0.20** 0.05 0.05 0.04 Education (in years; 6 – 16.5) -0.55* 0.22 0.03** 0.01 0.14** 0.02 0.09** 0.02 Ethnicity (Dutch=reference) Surinamese -1.34 4.42 0.29* 0.11 -0.77* 0.32 -0.20 0.32 Antilleans 10.60 6.44 0.26 0.17 -1.01* 0.51 -0.20 0.49 Indonesian -7.67* 3.68 0.31** 0.10 -0.63* 0.26 -0.02 0.26 Turks 12.93* 6.26 0.06 0.16 -0.68 0.44 -0.19 0.47 Moroccans 6.60 6.91 0.35* 0.17 -0.10 0.47 -0.39 0.54 Age*10 (16 – 99) 0.29** 0.05 0.00* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01* 0.00 Men (female=reference) -1.19 1.24 -0.03 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.09 Unemployed (employed=reference) 2.53~ 1.52 -0.11** 0.04 -0.09 0.10 0.03 0.11 Health (1 – 4) 2.27** 0.86 0.01 0.02 0.33** 0.06 0.24** 0.06 Denomination Catholic 1.24 1.84 -0.14** 0.05 -0.22~ 0.12 0.07 0.13 Liberal Protestants 3.70 2.66 -0.10 0.07 0.02 0.18 0.33~ 0.18 Orthodox Protestants 0.69 3.26 0.02 0.08 0.35 0.22 0.57* 0.23 Islam -8.03 5.40 0.19 0.13 0.14 0.36 -0.32 0.41 Church attendance (0 – 53) 0.08~ 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02** 0.00 Continued on next page
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ETHNIC HOSTILITY AMONG ETHNIC MAJOR
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Promotores: prof. dr. N. D. de Graa
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Science is so much more fun when yo
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3.4.1 Opposition to ethnic intermar
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8.3.1 Theoretical implications for
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEW QUESTIONS 1
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1. Introduction | New questions ski
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1. Introduction | The setting of th
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1. Introduction | Research question
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Table 1.1 Outline of empirical chap
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1. Introduction | Notes 27
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2. SOCIAL MOBILITY AND ETHNIC HOSTI
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Page 36 and 37: social conformity favour more toler
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Page 51 and 52: 1987). Assessment of the importance
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Page 69 and 70: 3.5 CONCLUSIONS We observed a weak
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Page 86 and 87: Table 4.2 continued Household compo
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Page 96 and 97: 5. TRENDS IN ETHNIC EDUCATIONAL INE
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Page 118 and 119: 6. EXPLANATIONS FOR ETHNIC EDUCATIO
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6. Explanations for Ethnic Educatio
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Model 4 includes both the ability m
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7. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND ETHNI
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among four ethnic minority groups i
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7. Educational Attainment and Ethni
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Table 7.1 Summary of hypotheses Cor
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Table 7.2 continued Control variabl
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Table 7.3 continued 2nd gen. Turks
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Table 7.4 continued 2nd gen. Turks
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8. CONCLUSION 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8. C
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8.2 QUESTIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSI
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8. Conclusion | Questions, results
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local living environments (on ethni
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8. Conclusion | Theoretical implica
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ethnic hosting threat contact / res
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8. Conclusion | Retrospect and pros
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8. Conclusion | Notes 195
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APPENDIX Appendix 197
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APPENDIX 2.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
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Appendix 2.3 continued Mobility typ
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APPENDIX 2.4 TUTORIAL DIAGONAL MOBI
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*********MEANS and OLS***********.
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impact on depY. *The relative impac
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Appendix *The impact of the destina
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vector d = d1 to d6. vector p = p1
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*and with constraints our model wou
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Appendix 215
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Appendix 3.1 continued father’s s
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APPENDIX 3.3 OPPOSITION TO ETHNIC I
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Appendix Appendix 4.1 continued Eco
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Appendix APPENDIX 4.3 VARIANCE COMP
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Appendix 5.1 continued Ethnicity N
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APPENDIX 5.3 ROBUSTNESS OF ES ASSOC
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Appendix APPENDIX 5.5 MULTI-NOMINAL
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Appendix 7.1 continued 2nd gen. 2nd
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Appendix 233
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography Abu-Rayya
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Bibliography Buijs, F. J., Demant,
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Bibliography (pp. 345-383). Oxford:
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Bibliography euthanasia, homosexual
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Bibliography Onderzoek (ISEO). Mart
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Bibliography Politics, 58(1), 41-72
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Bibliography Worchel (Eds.), The so
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Bibliography 249
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Summary in Dutch / Nederlandstalige
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CURRICULUM VITAE Curriculum Vitae J
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ICS DISSERTATION SERIES ICS dissert
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ICS dissertation series 37) Andreas
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ICS dissertation series 76) Inge Si
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ICS dissertation series 115) Martin
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Why do some individuals express mor
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