Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

More documents

Recommendations

Info

e more important than the infl uence of the destination position. According to these hypotheses, the salience parameter p should be larger than 0.5. The destination hypotheses, which stated that the destination position will be more important than the social origin, implies that p is smaller than 0.5. The tolerance dominance hypothesis states that adaptation to the attitudes of the destination position will be stronger when these norms are more tolerant than the origin position. To order social classes and educational degrees on the level of ethnic hostility, we use the mean level of hostile attitudes as expressed by the immobile respondents. To test the tolerance dominance hypothesis we constructed a dummy variable x which takes the value 1 if someone ijt moved to a position of which the immobile members express lower levels of hostile attitudes than the immobile class members of the origin position and 0 otherwise. Henceforth, we refer to these respondents as respectively the tolerant-destination and intolerant-destination mobile. The tolerance model is given by: Y ijk = (p + tx ijt )μ ii + (1-(p+tx ijt ))μ jj + Σ b β b x ijb + ε ijk (Model 2) and we fi nd confi rmation for our hypothesis if t is negative. In this case the impact of the origin is smaller for the tolerant-destination mobile (i.e. p + t) than for the intolerant-destination mobile (i.e. p). Finally, we expected that downward mobility may have an additional effect independent of the origin and destination categories due to the frustration that accompanies downward mobility. The full model is given by: Y ijk = (p + tx ijt )μ ii + (1-(p+tx ijt ))μ jj + fx ijf + Σ b β b x ijb + ε ijk 2. Social Mobility and Ethnic Hostility | Data, measurements and methods (Model 3) Where the dummy variable x takes the value 1 for the downward mobile and 0 otherwise. An f ijf larger than 0 is corroborative evidence for the frustration Hypotheses. In the result section below we discuss the parameter estimates of model 2 and 3. These models show the relative impact of origin and destination for the tolerant-destination and intolerant-destination mobile and whether there are additional mobility effects above origin and destination specifi c acculturation mechanisms. 39
Table 2.2 Parameter estimates from diagonal mobility models for intergenerational class mobility in the Netherlands (native Dutch only, students excluded) Stereotypes Ethnic threat Intermarriage Model 2 Model 3 Model 2 Model 3 Model 2 Model 3 ß SE ß SE ß SE ß SE ß SE ß SE Mobility Parameters p: salience parameter (weight of origin) 0.46 0.22 0.26 0.28 0.76 0.19 1.00 0.29 0.81 0.23 1.00 0.23 t: tolerance parameter -0.46 0.31 -0.26 0.34 -0.76 0.27 -0.99 0.33 -0.74 0.30 -0.90 0.28 f: frustration parameter N.A. -0.04 0.05 N.A. 0.08 0.07 N.A. 0.29 0.13 Attitudes of immobile (estimated means) μ : technocrats 1.67 0.05 1.67 0.05 1.84 0.07 1.84 0.07 6.75 0.18 6.70 0.20 11 μ : socio-cultural specialists 1.55 0.07 1.54 0.07 1.75 0.08 1.76 0.08 6.22 0.21 6.21 0.22 22 μ : routine non-manual occupations 1.71 0.05 1.72 0.05 1.92 0.07 1.92 0.07 6.75 0.19 6.69 0.19 33 μ : small employers 1.95 0.09 1.94 0.08 2.08 0.08 2.06 0.07 7.91 0.36 7.96 0.37 44 μ : manual supervisors and skilled 55 1.78 0.05 1.79 0.05 2.25 0.09 2.16 0.06 7.32 0.26 7.27 0.27 manual occupations μ : (semi-)unskilled manual occupations 1.89 0.05 1.89 0.05 2.19 0.06 2.27 0.08 6.96 0.17 6.81 0.19 66 Covariates ß : sex (male is ref. category) -0.03 0.03 -0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.17 0.10 0.15 0.11 sex ß : birth year (1960=0)*10 -0.09 0.01 -0.09 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 -0.25 0.05 -0.25 0.05 cohort ß : church attendance*10 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.14 0.03 0.14 0.03 church Educational level respondent (elementary and lower vocational is ref. category) ß : University -0.46 0.06 -0.46 0.06 -0.68 0.08 -0.68 0.08 -1.23 0.20 -1.20 0.22 edu1 ß : Professional college -0.39 0.05 -0.39 0.05 -0.63 0.06 -0.63 0.06 -0.90 0.16 -0.89 0.18 edu2 ß : O and A levels -0.32 0.06 -0.32 0.06 -0.53 0.07 -0.53 0.07 -0.61 0.22 -0.62 0.24 edu3 ß : Secondary vocational -0.18 0.04 -0.18 0.04 -0.26 0.05 -0.26 0.05 -0.30 0.15 -0.31 0.17 edu4 ß : Lower general secondary -0.14 0.05 -0.14 0.05 -0.15 0.06 -0.15 0.06 -0.35 0.20 -0.35 0.21 edu5 R2 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.06 0.0.7 N 2518 2518 2517 2517 3425 3425 Source: SOCON 1995, 2000, 2005; NKPS 2002
Page 1 and 2: ETHNIC HOSTILITY AMONG ETHNIC MAJOR
Page 3: Promotores: prof. dr. N. D. de Graa
Page 6 and 7: Science is so much more fun when yo
Page 8 and 9: 3.4.1 Opposition to ethnic intermar
Page 10: 8.3.1 Theoretical implications for
Page 14 and 15: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEW QUESTIONS 1
Page 16 and 17: 1. Introduction | New questions ski
Page 18 and 19: 1. Introduction | The setting of th
Page 20 and 21: 1. Introduction | Research question
Page 26 and 27: Table 1.1 Outline of empirical chap
Page 28: 1. Introduction | Notes 27
Page 32 and 33: 2. SOCIAL MOBILITY AND ETHNIC HOSTI
Page 34 and 35: 2. Social Mobility and Ethnic Hosti
Page 36 and 37: social conformity favour more toler
Page 42 and 43: 2.4 RESULTS 2. Social Mobility and
Page 48: 2. Social Mobility and Ethnic Hosti
Page 51 and 52: 1987). Assessment of the importance
Page 53 and 54: The actual ethnic competition withi
Page 55 and 56: (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006). Wagner e
Page 57 and 58: seven categories: no-religion, Roma
Page 59 and 60: the lower the opposition to ethnic
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.1 Hierarchical linear inter
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.2 Hierarchical linear inter
Page 65 and 66: In model 8 we focus on the characte
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.3 Comparison of explanatory
Page 69 and 70: 3.5 CONCLUSIONS We observed a weak
Page 71 and 72: 9. The models presented in this cha
Page 74 and 75: 4. THE LOCAL LIVING ENVIRONMENT AND
Page 76 and 77: unit such as states or countries, w
Page 78 and 79: 4. The Local Living Environment and
Page 84 and 85: 4.4 RESULTS 4. The Local Living Env
Page 86 and 87: Table 4.2 continued Household compo
Page 90 and 91:
4. The Local Living Environment and
Page 92:
4. The Local Living Environment and
Page 96 and 97:
5. TRENDS IN ETHNIC EDUCATIONAL INE
Page 98 and 99:
5. Trends in Ethnic Educational Ine
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
the worsening economic conditions o
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Table 5.3 continued Male (Female=re
Page 112 and 113:
Table 5.4 continued Male (Female= r
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
6. EXPLANATIONS FOR ETHNIC EDUCATIO
Page 120 and 121:
To answer our research questions, w
Page 122 and 123:
6. Explanations for Ethnic Educatio
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Table 6.1 continued Pre-university
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Table 6.2 continued Lower general t
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Model 4 includes both the ability m
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
7. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND ETHNI
Page 146 and 147:
among four ethnic minority groups i
Page 148 and 149:
7. Educational Attainment and Ethni
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Table 7.1 Summary of hypotheses Cor
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Table 7.2 continued Control variabl
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Table 7.3 continued 2nd gen. Turks
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Table 7.4 continued 2nd gen. Turks
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168:
Page 172 and 173:
8. CONCLUSION 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8. C
Page 174 and 175:
8.2 QUESTIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSI
Page 176 and 177:
8. Conclusion | Questions, results
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
local living environments (on ethni
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
8. Conclusion | Theoretical implica
Page 192 and 193:
ethnic hosting threat contact / res
Page 194 and 195:
8. Conclusion | Retrospect and pros
Page 196 and 197:
8. Conclusion | Notes 195
Page 198 and 199:
APPENDIX Appendix 197
Page 200 and 201:
APPENDIX 2.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Page 202 and 203:
Appendix 2.3 continued Mobility typ
Page 204 and 205:
APPENDIX 2.4 TUTORIAL DIAGONAL MOBI
Page 206 and 207:
*********MEANS and OLS***********.
Page 208 and 209:
impact on depY. *The relative impac
Page 210 and 211:
Appendix *The impact of the destina
Page 212 and 213:
vector d = d1 to d6. vector p = p1
Page 214 and 215:
*and with constraints our model wou
Page 216 and 217:
Appendix 215
Page 218 and 219:
Appendix 3.1 continued father’s s
Page 220 and 221:
APPENDIX 3.3 OPPOSITION TO ETHNIC I
Page 222 and 223:
Appendix Appendix 4.1 continued Eco
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix APPENDIX 4.3 VARIANCE COMP
Page 226 and 227:
Appendix 5.1 continued Ethnicity N
Page 228 and 229:
APPENDIX 5.3 ROBUSTNESS OF ES ASSOC
Page 230 and 231:
Appendix APPENDIX 5.5 MULTI-NOMINAL
Page 232 and 233:
Appendix 7.1 continued 2nd gen. 2nd
Page 234 and 235:
Appendix 233
Page 236 and 237:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography Abu-Rayya
Page 238 and 239:
Bibliography Buijs, F. J., Demant,
Page 240 and 241:
Bibliography (pp. 345-383). Oxford:
Page 242 and 243:
Bibliography euthanasia, homosexual
Page 244 and 245:
Bibliography Onderzoek (ISEO). Mart
Page 246 and 247:
Bibliography Politics, 58(1), 41-72
Page 248 and 249:
Bibliography Worchel (Eds.), The so
Page 250 and 251:
Bibliography 249
Page 252 and 253:
Summary in Dutch / Nederlandstalige
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
CURRICULUM VITAE Curriculum Vitae J
Page 266 and 267:
ICS DISSERTATION SERIES ICS dissert
Page 268 and 269:
ICS dissertation series 37) Andreas
Page 270 and 271:
ICS dissertation series 76) Inge Si
Page 272 and 273:
ICS dissertation series 115) Martin
Page 274:
Why do some individuals express mor
show all

Ethnic Hostility among Ethnic Majority and Minority Groups

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?