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THE ANIMAL SYSTEM. 125
being, not in kind, but in extent and degree of develop
ment.
The higher animals have the same senses as man,
some in greater, some in a lesser degree of perfection.
The sensations, of which these are the instruments,
lead to intellectual perceptions, moral feelings, passions,
and propensities, which seem to differ very little from
our own. Animals have also their own varied modes
of expressive action, which, in many cases, are also
similar to ours. Like causes produce like effects, and
like effects point to like causes.
To take a familiar example : the dog has most of the
intellectual faculties of man ; his sensations are acute,
and he does not lack in expression.
He has a wonder
ful memory, and often shows a good judgment or
power of adapting himself to peculiar circumstances.
He is proud, vain, very honest sometimes, in other
cases very cautious ; he is benevolent to men, and to
his own species, faithful to trusts, firm in his friendships,
very affectionate, cheerful, playful, courageous. He
even appears, at times, to possess a remarkable degree
of impressibility and foresight. He has a perception
of invisible agencies, and of approaching dangers. He
cogitates, and dreams ; dwells upon the past, and forms
hopes and plans for the future. He very evidently
understands our words, and seems often to divine our
thoughts.
These are psychical powers. In man, we call them
spiritual— what shall we call them in the brute ? If
these are the results of a certain combination of mate
in one case, why not in the other ? Insects,
rial organs
birds, and others of the mammalia exhibit similar facul-