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the Irish and Italian speakers, the Europa from Hamburg docked in the Colony on the same day carrying 85 Ticinesi. There is no recorded evidence of where Kate was living when she first arrived in Australia though she may have found work as a servant with a Geelong family named Clark.^ She was still a servant-girl at the time of her marriage and her husband a gold miner. Kate and Gaetano's marriage, which was celebrated at the Catholic chapel m Deep Creek (a building completed only one year earlier) was one of many which united Irish and the ItaUan-speaking settlers. It has already been noted in previous chapters that few Italian-speaking women seeking husbands arrived in AustraUa during the years of the gold msh, making it difificuU for Italian-speaking men to find suitable wives. Village tradition directed that young people married from within the village or, where necessary, from a nearby village or valley. Endogamy was thought to preserve the pattems of village life and maintain the size and composition of the viUage population. Many of the settlers in Australia strove to uphold these traditions: Stefano Pozzi retumed temporarily to Giumaglio to find a wife; Battista Righetti wed a girl from his viUage despite her mere thirteen years; and Maurizio Morganti married the daughter of settlers from his village. Not all men could do so, however, and instead tumed to Irish girls who, though of a different ethnicity, shared a simUar religious and socio-economic background. Gaetano Tomasetti's marriage to Kate Clooney is one among the many examples which follow. If the Tomasettis' first home was a typical miner's dwelling, it would have comprised vertical wooden slabs with a bark or shingle roof and unglazed windows 137
with shutters or hessian covers. Cooking would have been performed on an open fireplace built out from one end of a single room, while clothes would have been boiled over an outside fire.^ The exact location of the home is not knovm: however, the bmlding existed when Lafranchi applied for a Ucence in 1865 and may have been back from the road on the south eastem rise of the block.^'* It was not an easy life for the goldfields women ~ as Kate soon discovered with the birth of her first child ~ chUdbirth being a difficult and often dangerous procedure with no antiseptic conditions and only neighbours or a midwife to assist at the birth. Some midwives would arrive one week before the birth and remain wdth the new mother the three weeks following but, more often than not, the mothers were retumed to their families directly after the birth. The mother's bed would sometimes be a primitive piece of hessian nailed to a sapling frame and she often had to endure conditions of extreme heat or extreme cold.^* Kate gave birth to a daughter on 2 Febmary 1867 and named her Mary Kate after her Irish matemal grandmother and her mother. By the following day, however, the infant was dead and was a few days later buried in the Eganstown cemetery. That same year, Gaetano's old travel companions Battista and Giovan Tomasetti decided to retum to Avegno. Several of the viUage's emigrants had already retumed by 1866, suggesting that they had achieved some of their financial goals or were hungry for the familiarity of village life. Since both Battista and Giovan (by then m their 30s) were married to local girls within weeks or months of their arrival, it might also be possible that they had retumed to participate in pre-arranged marriages. In marrying Kate, Gaetano was committing himself to a family life in Australia. By 22 March 1869, Kate had produced a son, named James after his matemal grandfather. 138
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VICTORIA UNIVERSITY IMMIGRANT PLACE
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Declaration Except where otherwise
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Abstract iv
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Vanzetta 392 Rodoni 409 CHAPTER ELE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people assist
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Fig. 5 Charlwood, Don, The Long Far
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IMPERIAL MEASURES TECHNICAL NOTES I
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SUMMARY In this dissertation I argu
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to Australia. It examines their att
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LIST OF FIGURES PAGE FIG. 1. THE IT
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Fig 2 Switzerland and Northern Ital
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^ ^ vii/^-^v c^^r^ I ' sl/ ^ I' rfu
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xx/i
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^^Lauezzolo's Hotel 1860 (Alesscmdw
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XXVII
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^ ':^&-|W^ •( ' , I ;•"!' Jrl'i
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increasingly focuses on the questio
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study. Time and again in the interv
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connected to people that they have
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In terms of horizontal consciousnes
Page 44 and 45:
family bonds. In their telling, and
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which features so prominently in th
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In order to explore these forces, t
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(1988; 1989). Others are from areas
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CHAPTER ONE : THE EMIGRANTS 18
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from the title of an old sailor's s
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From Eganstown and Deep Creek in th
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the separate states combined to for
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under the heading of 'other Europea
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The peasant family, vdth his house
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At the conclusion of the Napoleonic
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usiness practice was tolerated by p
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women and children, the old and the
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POZZI When up to 40 Valmaggesi (peo
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Ticino, many of those working in Lo
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the peak period, only the H. Ludwin
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Pozzis wrote less optimistically to
Page 78 and 79:
that Stefano constmcted a jeweller'
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confession, Alessandro replied that
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clemo.^^ Stefano leamed to use capi
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at 250 pounds. Later, when gold was
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Leonardo received the sad news of h
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and was happy in her new home. She
Page 90 and 91:
16 December 1886. The Star Hotel, a
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In their five-roomed cellar ~ a fam
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Q Q Q :§ xxv I
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Stefano died at 89 years of age on
Page 98 and 99:
The home on Italian Hill was sold m
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possibly as labourers. The closure
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Arriving only a few years after the
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Maurizio Morganti, sought self-empl
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world, the Tognazzini and Morganti
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stage in the 1860s they also decide
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As evidence of the masterful buildi
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their purchases reflectmg a beUef i
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It was, for the Morgantis, a small
Page 116 and 117:
withdrawal of her children from the
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groups together, providing both the
Page 120 and 121:
specialisation of roles, each famil
Page 122 and 123: given the opportunity to work throu
Page 124 and 125: Someo and another had gone on to Ca
Page 126 and 127: THE JOURNEY The Itahan-speaking imm
Page 128 and 129: Al memento non posso spedirti denar
Page 130 and 131: Many of the contracts were also mis
Page 132 and 133: un poco amalati, e il motive e stat
Page 134 and 135: Gioachimo Respini from Cevio, writi
Page 136 and 137: home, a home that would seldom be s
Page 138 and 139: For the majority of the time, howev
Page 140 and 141: egarded as one of the richest place
Page 142 and 143: more readily accepted into Anglo-Ce
Page 144 and 145: on traditional ways but, rather, fo
Page 146 and 147: QUANCHI Among the ItaUan-speaking s
Page 148 and 149: language difficulties), eventually
Page 150 and 151: and an urgency to find employment.
Page 152 and 153: By 1862, Alessandro was mining at L
Page 154 and 155: and only permitted the men to buy i
Page 156 and 157: describing each of them as general
Page 158 and 159: child James was bom in 1878, in the
Page 160 and 161: As the business grew and it became
Page 162 and 163: esponsibilities of one another, how
Page 164 and 165: difficulties, but rather pride in t
Page 166 and 167: partners and in the naming of child
Page 168 and 169: advertising campaigns of the travel
Page 170 and 171: had an association with a Mr Tunzi
Page 174 and 175: This child survived the birth thoug
Page 176 and 177: established a small dairy farm on h
Page 178 and 179: 1874, his salary was stopped. Fathe
Page 180 and 181: however, the first of several bad s
Page 182 and 183: ackground and the practices which h
Page 184 and 185: employment. Within most households
Page 186 and 187: Smce Celestino had not leamed Itali
Page 188 and 189: would labour on the farm, his pants
Page 190 and 191: LAFRANCHI The Lafranchis were anoth
Page 192 and 193: where he began dairy farming. The m
Page 194 and 195: Proud of the wealth he had accumula
Page 196 and 197: family needs ~ with an economy and
Page 198 and 199: Melboume and Sydney through a netwo
Page 200 and 201: Food nevertheless continued to serv
Page 202 and 203: providing a Unk between the immigra
Page 204 and 205: status and wealth he had eamed as a
Page 206 and 207: on deck from the book, drapery, sta
Page 208 and 209: When she was fifteen years old and
Page 210 and 211: In a similar way, family anecdotes
Page 212 and 213: In 1929 Anchigi, the much loved son
Page 214 and 215: PERINI Like most of the ItaUan-spea
Page 216 and 217: Fuhvood, it represented a movement
Page 218 and 219: eaders, carrying messages from comp
Page 220 and 221: Many ItaUan speakers eamed the resp
Page 222 and 223:
On 14 March 1865 Vincenzo purchased
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usmess. Mrs Laughnan, a local schoo
Page 226 and 227:
was bom two years later on 26 Octob
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elated to this problem. The Swiss S
Page 230 and 231:
gold watch and chain from the peopl
Page 232 and 233:
Spring Creek assumed after 1906) ha
Page 234 and 235:
Australia, where he found employmen
Page 236 and 237:
the guest-house was again damaged b
Page 238 and 239:
RIGHETTI Four brothers of the Righe
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equipment and began their search. N
Page 242 and 243:
While the food rations initially ha
Page 244 and 245:
Despite the conflicts with competit
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years later he purchased the land o
Page 248 and 249:
Unlike most Irish girls who married
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children (see previous sections) Lu
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for your future welfare will accomp
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- before shifting to Daylesford and
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knife and eaten on toast or bread,
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place among Australia's noteworthy
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CHAPTER FTVE : SCOUTING 225
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cane cutters and railway navvies, w
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earUest years of the 1850s, there w
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numbered ten out of a possible 60 w
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peasant farmers. Along with those u
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Racemande alia meglie e sorelle di
Page 272 and 273:
Operating larger mines which employ
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theu actions through their letters
Page 276 and 277:
The antagonism showm towards the Ch
Page 278 and 279:
The greatest hardship, however, cam
Page 280 and 281:
Many immigrants would also have bee
Page 282 and 283:
usage, they also reflected a phonet
Page 284 and 285:
MILESI By 1855, emigration to Austr
Page 286 and 287:
ought social unrest and uncertainty
Page 288 and 289:
The lack of documentary evidence fo
Page 290 and 291:
Having remained in Hepbum as a mine
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Shepherds Flat the couple had buUt
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GUSCETTI Not all the Italian speake
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one Dr Marini of Besans, a nobleman
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fiiend in Milan a few days later. R
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'dottor dei pomi di terra' (doctor
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In 1857, Severino and Giuditta prod
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Severino may have selected his frie
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honorary medical officer receiving
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disease of the liver'"**). Despite
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VANINA Unlike the Guscettis, who ar
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Australia, Carlo had decided to set
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Another traditional feature of the
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household where, at the end of the
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Giuseppa, with a farm to manage and
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(ref figure 9).'" Luigia had given
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its lovely big kitchen, and the sto
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known as) Alzheimer's Disease. Nurs
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transferred."** Hs daughter Mary be
Page 328 and 329:
the Vanina family remained in Hepbu
Page 330 and 331:
SETTLING While some of the Italian
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emained beyond the means of many It
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[the] expertise of the Italians was
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While the Swiss read with sadness t
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Filippini. In 1859 three applicatio
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planting vegetables, fi-uit trees,
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despite his lack of British citizen
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as well as the many Italian-speakin
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compatriots' legal matters provided
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community'.'* While never achieving
Page 350 and 351:
GERVASONI It is surprising that as
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Italian speakers, strengthened thei
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wife Maria to join him in the Colon
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eplacing the more common si sottosc
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workrooms for carrying out domestic
Page 360 and 361:
contact wdth the Anglo-Celtic popul
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Giuseppe always wrote in Italian, h
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from the purely practical features
Page 366 and 367:
With its increasing number of ItaUa
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Much of the fi^it for their wdne an
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family's crops were destroyed. Late
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audiences over the next 40 years. J
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was with a group of eight fellow vi
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for, the peoples of Europe. During
Page 378 and 379:
Maria Celestina Elvezia in recognit
Page 380 and 381:
identification with a new 'home' ou
Page 382 and 383:
Eastem HiU. His children and grandc
Page 384 and 385:
GAGGIONI The story of the Gaggioni
Page 386 and 387:
Despite his many years in Australia
Page 388 and 389:
In the dovmstairs living area was a
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farmed land extending back to Sprin
Page 392 and 393:
constmcted from creek stones from n
Page 394 and 395:
taught more about the countries to
Page 396 and 397:
ushfires which raged through Hepbum
Page 398 and 399:
other Italian speakers against the
Page 400 and 401:
in political affairs, at one time h
Page 402 and 403:
CHAPTER NINE : HOME AND FAMILY 367
Page 404 and 405:
Gossip concerning bigamous relation
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sin. Along with a common faith, the
Page 408 and 409:
houses in Ticino and northern Italy
Page 410 and 411:
The preparation of the land before
Page 412 and 413:
used in the constmction process wer
Page 414 and 415:
esembled similar architectural feat
Page 416 and 417:
Fmgality and an ingenious use of re
Page 418 and 419:
When the daily work was done, the f
Page 420 and 421:
As vital participants in their fami
Page 422 and 423:
language which the children brought
Page 424 and 425:
games were usually a male-dominated
Page 426 and 427:
CHAPTER TEN : FAMILIES 1888 - 1889
Page 428 and 429:
(peasant fanner) married to Maria M
Page 430 and 431:
As expected, the Vanzettas were abl
Page 432 and 433:
area. Leading from the bakery, with
Page 434 and 435:
By 1898, the profits of the bakery
Page 436 and 437:
Added to this, one of his children
Page 438 and 439:
of the alpine farmer. Opposite thei
Page 440 and 441:
As the century progressed and the V
Page 442 and 443:
forgetfiil at times, he was still a
Page 444 and 445:
RODONI Isidoro Rodoni, like his cou
Page 446 and 447:
Aquilino Tinetti had arrived in Aus
Page 448 and 449:
Italian speakers providing unusual
Page 450 and 451:
the younger children,^'* Like the V
Page 452 and 453:
weighed 140 to 180 kilogrammes, a s
Page 454 and 455:
social bonds. A small proportion of
Page 456 and 457:
'farming' years and the establishme
Page 458 and 459:
LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING FORWARD Th
Page 460 and 461:
Alessandro Brocchi's defence of his
Page 462 and 463:
habhs in that period on the goldfie
Page 464 and 465:
Working on the goldfields as miners
Page 466 and 467:
family, many women had become physi
Page 468 and 469:
Italian speakers, thus, had the pow
Page 470 and 471:
Around their homes the Italian spea
Page 472 and 473:
in his native language, cf above pp
Page 474 and 475:
playmates; Lucinis' pasta factory i
Page 476 and 477:
other ItaUan-speaking families dona
Page 478 and 479:
cooperativeness had formed the basi
Page 480 and 481:
stmggled to preserve important aspe
Page 482 and 483:
Following the influx of Ticinesi an
Page 484 and 485:
Skin colour had (as many years befo
Page 486 and 487:
self-sufficient. Post-war ItaUans w
Page 488 and 489:
ethnic culture,'" While a shortage
Page 490 and 491:
about using their mother-tongue in
Page 492 and 493:
It insists on specificity, on conju
Page 494 and 495:
INTRODUCTION 1, Sandro Bianconi, /
Page 496 and 497:
25. Denis Mack Smith, Italy: A Mode
Page 498 and 499:
THE EMIGRANTS 1. Henry T. Maddicks,
Page 500 and 501:
27. May N. Diaz and Jack M. Potter,
Page 502 and 503:
POZZI 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 3. 2. ib
Page 504 and 505:
28. Leonardo Pozzi, letter 7 Septem
Page 506 and 507:
is attended by members of the South
Page 508 and 509:
17, Lazzaro's name has not been loc
Page 510 and 511:
49, Refer to above comment p, 5. 50
Page 512 and 513:
15. 'Our short trip has up to now b
Page 514 and 515:
34. 'hnmediately we made an appeal
Page 516 and 517:
QUANCHI 1. Maggia Municipal Records
Page 518 and 519:
31, Much of the information regardi
Page 520 and 521:
TOMASETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p.
Page 522 and 523:
35. ibid. 36. ibid. 37. ibid. 3 8.
Page 524 and 525:
LAFRANCHI 1. GentiUi (1988) pp. 59-
Page 526 and 527:
32, The tricolour flag It always wa
Page 528 and 529:
PERINI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p. 12
Page 530 and 531:
28. Vincenzo Perini, business ledge
Page 532 and 533:
RIGHETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol. 1, p.
Page 534 and 535:
have sold us their oven for 30 poun
Page 536 and 537:
48, ibid. 49, Sidney Righetti, inte
Page 538 and 539:
SCOUTING 1. Robert Pascoe, 'Place a
Page 540 and 541:
25. Maddicks (1981) p. 21 26. ibid.
Page 542 and 543:
45. 'to eam bread it was necessary
Page 544 and 545:
MILESI 1. CjentilU(1988)p, 3, 2. Re
Page 546 and 547:
GUSCETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p.
Page 548 and 549:
24. 'Most of the Swiss are here, a
Page 550 and 551:
VANINA 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p. 13
Page 552 and 553:
30. The small weatherboard house re
Page 554 and 555:
11. 'Scarce was the number of labou
Page 556 and 557:
GERVASONI 1. GentUU (1988) p. 3. 2.
Page 558 and 559:
30. Vision and Realisation, Vol 2,
Page 560 and 561:
19. CaUgari (1972) p. 3. 20. Inform
Page 562 and 563:
constmction of the home was provide
Page 564 and 565:
48, ibid, 49, Information derived f
Page 566 and 567:
16, Bart)ara Walsh, 'Bergamo', Ital
Page 568 and 569:
VANZETTA 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 3. 2.
Page 570 and 571:
25. Shire of Mount Franklin rate bo
Page 572 and 573:
RODONI 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 93. 2.
Page 574 and 575:
34. ibid. 35. ibid. 36. ibid. 37. I
Page 576 and 577:
described by Pascoe and Bertola in
Page 578 and 579:
39. Victoria Directorate of School
Page 580 and 581:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcorso, Caroline et a
Page 582 and 583:
Bianconi, Sandro, / due linguaggi:
Page 584 and 585:
Castles, S., et al, eds, Australia'
Page 586 and 587:
Daylesford Mercury and Express, 24
Page 588 and 589:
FumagaUi, Alberto, 'Architettura co
Page 590 and 591:
Hibbins, G. M., Fahey, C. and Askew
Page 592 and 593:
Lewds (Lafranchi), Marie, interview
Page 594 and 595:
Minutes, Proceedings and Correspond
Page 596 and 597:
Pascoe, Robert and Bertola, Patrick
Page 598 and 599:
Sagazio, Celestina, Italian Craftsm
Page 600 and 601:
Tomasetti, G. The Swiss at Blampied
Page 602:
Year Book Australia 1996, No, 78, C
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