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achieve three or four layers. When the press was m operation, the logs were jammed
tightly down to squeeze the juice from the grapes. Loaned out to members of the
community, its efficiency symbolised the skill and ingenuity of the ItaUan speakers.
By 1864 Giuseppa was again pregnant. However, the chUd, named Fortunato,
died in infancy. Her last child Frederick (Federico?) arrived in 1866, giving to the
older Vanina children, who were by now fourteen and sixteen, two younger brothers
with whom they shared no common experience of Ticino. Charlie and Fred were
raised within the dual culture of their Italian-speaking family and their Anglo-Celtic
community. Though Luigia and Giuseppe had mixed with English speakers at the local
Hepbum school, the family was almost certain to have communicated in its Swiss
dialect and to have performed many of the rituals associated with its ethnic and peasant
heritage. Typically, both Giuseppe and Luigia were taken from school at age fourteen
to contribute their labour to the family's productivity,** Carlo by this time drawing
income from a variety of sources. During the 1870s, he was described in the Shire of
Mount Franklin rates books as a farmer, vineyard owner/vigneron, miner and
storekeeper; granted a Uquor licence in 1871,** this last venture was possibly an outiet
for home-made wine. In the 1870s, the Vaninas also increased their land holdings with
a further half hectare block opposite their home in Hepbum.*' Together with the
income from the hire of theu- wine press, the family was relatively financially secure.
At some stage the Vaninas made extensions to their home to allow them to
take in boarders. Mostly Italian speakers, who had recently arrived in the Colony,
according to family tradition, they were welcomed into a warm and generous
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