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Operating larger mines which employed a number of workers, the Italian speakers adapted and extended their traditional farming skills. Using as their model the extended household which had once constituted their principal work-force, they managed to control, and be responsible for, large numbers of employees. Giacomo Casarotti, for example, whose mine the Federal was begun at ItaUan HiU in the 1860s, employed around 20 workers, many of whom were his countrymen. Reportedly a meticulous and tough employer, who paid his men the comparatively low rate of 30 shiUings per week, his management style probably reflected the iron-fisted approach of 30 his peasant father. Under his direction, miners built a tunnel over 500 metres long, two metres high and very straight. Named the Federal in honour of the Swiss federation, like the Doria Mine it reflected the ethnic origin of its ovmer. Similarly, other Italian speakers asserted their ethnic and cultural heritage. Also at Italian Hill was the Magenta Tunnel owmed by ItaUan speakers and, along the south east end of Spring Creek, the Garibaldi Mine. This mine was presumably operated by Italians who supported soldier Giuseppe Garibaldi's push for unification of the Italian peninsula. At Kidds Gully, east of Spring Creek, a group of Italian speakers worked the Florence Mines for over twenty years and, at Sardines Reef mine, west of Yandoh, a native of Sardinia was the ovmer. Closer to Daylesford, Italian speakers mined the Spillaci Tunnel under present-day Queensbury Street and the nearby Roman Eagle Company was possibly mn by Italians.'^ Along with mines, some localities were given Italian names to indicate the large numbers who mined there: examples include (the already mentioned) Italian Gully and Italian Hill. The multicultural nature of the goldfields was similarly revealed in names such as Jews Gully, the Chinese Tunnels and 237
Welshmans Gully, to name a few. The stories of people who occupied these sites, and the events which took place there, have passed (along with intriguing names like 'Bottie O'Porter Gully' and 'Don't Wake 'Em Gully') into Australian folk history. Despite their widespread mining activities, and the successes of a few, the overwhelming experience of the Italian speakers was disappointment. Most drew barely a pittance from the mines, lived in conditions of abject misery and yeamed to be back in theh' viUages. Many letters, like one sent from Jim Crow in 1855, described theu- misery: Teccai quella terra chiamata dell'ere: credeve di veder realizzati i miei segni, credeve d'aver raggiunta la desiderata meta, credeve infine di trevare un cempense dei sestenuti sagrifizi e dei cersi pericelesi; ma vane illusieni. Dove pensava trevar oro rinvenni pietre, dove credeve trevar pane, trove la fame e la miseria delFocchie ferece, e con un lavero quasi sproperzionato alle forze delPueme a stento m'e date rinvenire un tezze di pane.'^ This writer also exaggerates the numbers of Ticinesi on the goldfields to cinquemila (5,000), perhaps perceiving himself surrounded by only poverty and despair. Drawing upon the oral traditions of his culture wdth the words 'miseria dell' occhio feroce' (grim-eyed misery), he further accentuates the suffering of his people. Tranquillo Pata (mentioned previously) wrote a similar letter to his brothers in 1856: e I'ere si treva nel piato, qualche velta se ne trova della valuta di cento fine a due cento franchi in un sol piate ma tante e tante volte non si treva nemeno a tastare, sono rare e rarissime quelle volte che si treva tante, qualche giorni si treva qualche cosa e qualche giemi nen si trova niente nemeno la spesa. Combined with the sense of failure came, for many Italian speakers, guilt at having deserted their famiUes: after ignoring the protests of friends and family they had placed everyone, including themselves, in further peril. While some immigrants tried to justify 238
Page 3 and 4:
VICTORIA UNIVERSITY IMMIGRANT PLACE
Page 5 and 6:
Declaration Except where otherwise
Page 7 and 8:
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Abstract iv
Page 9 and 10:
Vanzetta 392 Rodoni 409 CHAPTER ELE
Page 11 and 12:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people assist
Page 13 and 14:
Fig. 5 Charlwood, Don, The Long Far
Page 15 and 16:
IMPERIAL MEASURES TECHNICAL NOTES I
Page 17 and 18:
SUMMARY In this dissertation I argu
Page 19 and 20:
to Australia. It examines their att
Page 21 and 22:
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE FIG. 1. THE IT
Page 23 and 24:
Fig 2 Switzerland and Northern Ital
Page 25 and 26:
^ ^ vii/^-^v c^^r^ I ' sl/ ^ I' rfu
Page 28 and 29:
xx/i
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^^Lauezzolo's Hotel 1860 (Alesscmdw
Page 32 and 33:
XXVII
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^ ':^&-|W^ •( ' , I ;•"!' Jrl'i
Page 36 and 37:
increasingly focuses on the questio
Page 38 and 39:
study. Time and again in the interv
Page 40 and 41:
connected to people that they have
Page 42 and 43:
In terms of horizontal consciousnes
Page 44 and 45:
family bonds. In their telling, and
Page 46 and 47:
which features so prominently in th
Page 48 and 49:
In order to explore these forces, t
Page 50 and 51:
(1988; 1989). Others are from areas
Page 52 and 53:
CHAPTER ONE : THE EMIGRANTS 18
Page 54 and 55:
from the title of an old sailor's s
Page 56 and 57:
From Eganstown and Deep Creek in th
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the separate states combined to for
Page 60 and 61:
under the heading of 'other Europea
Page 62 and 63:
The peasant family, vdth his house
Page 64 and 65:
At the conclusion of the Napoleonic
Page 66 and 67:
usiness practice was tolerated by p
Page 68 and 69:
women and children, the old and the
Page 70 and 71:
POZZI When up to 40 Valmaggesi (peo
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Ticino, many of those working in Lo
Page 74 and 75:
the peak period, only the H. Ludwin
Page 76 and 77:
Pozzis wrote less optimistically to
Page 78 and 79:
that Stefano constmcted a jeweller'
Page 80 and 81:
confession, Alessandro replied that
Page 82 and 83:
clemo.^^ Stefano leamed to use capi
Page 84 and 85:
at 250 pounds. Later, when gold was
Page 86 and 87:
Leonardo received the sad news of h
Page 88 and 89:
and was happy in her new home. She
Page 90 and 91:
16 December 1886. The Star Hotel, a
Page 92 and 93:
In their five-roomed cellar ~ a fam
Page 94 and 95:
Q Q Q :§ xxv I
Page 96 and 97:
Stefano died at 89 years of age on
Page 98 and 99:
The home on Italian Hill was sold m
Page 100 and 101:
possibly as labourers. The closure
Page 102 and 103:
Arriving only a few years after the
Page 104 and 105:
Maurizio Morganti, sought self-empl
Page 106 and 107:
world, the Tognazzini and Morganti
Page 108 and 109:
stage in the 1860s they also decide
Page 110 and 111:
As evidence of the masterful buildi
Page 112 and 113:
their purchases reflectmg a beUef i
Page 114 and 115:
It was, for the Morgantis, a small
Page 116 and 117:
withdrawal of her children from the
Page 118 and 119:
groups together, providing both the
Page 120 and 121:
specialisation of roles, each famil
Page 122 and 123:
given the opportunity to work throu
Page 124 and 125:
Someo and another had gone on to Ca
Page 126 and 127:
THE JOURNEY The Itahan-speaking imm
Page 128 and 129:
Al memento non posso spedirti denar
Page 130 and 131:
Many of the contracts were also mis
Page 132 and 133:
un poco amalati, e il motive e stat
Page 134 and 135:
Gioachimo Respini from Cevio, writi
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home, a home that would seldom be s
Page 138 and 139:
For the majority of the time, howev
Page 140 and 141:
egarded as one of the richest place
Page 142 and 143:
more readily accepted into Anglo-Ce
Page 144 and 145:
on traditional ways but, rather, fo
Page 146 and 147:
QUANCHI Among the ItaUan-speaking s
Page 148 and 149:
language difficulties), eventually
Page 150 and 151:
and an urgency to find employment.
Page 152 and 153:
By 1862, Alessandro was mining at L
Page 154 and 155:
and only permitted the men to buy i
Page 156 and 157:
describing each of them as general
Page 158 and 159:
child James was bom in 1878, in the
Page 160 and 161:
As the business grew and it became
Page 162 and 163:
esponsibilities of one another, how
Page 164 and 165:
difficulties, but rather pride in t
Page 166 and 167:
partners and in the naming of child
Page 168 and 169:
advertising campaigns of the travel
Page 170 and 171:
had an association with a Mr Tunzi
Page 172 and 173:
the Irish and Italian speakers, the
Page 174 and 175:
This child survived the birth thoug
Page 176 and 177:
established a small dairy farm on h
Page 178 and 179:
1874, his salary was stopped. Fathe
Page 180 and 181:
however, the first of several bad s
Page 182 and 183:
ackground and the practices which h
Page 184 and 185:
employment. Within most households
Page 186 and 187:
Smce Celestino had not leamed Itali
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would labour on the farm, his pants
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LAFRANCHI The Lafranchis were anoth
Page 192 and 193:
where he began dairy farming. The m
Page 194 and 195:
Proud of the wealth he had accumula
Page 196 and 197:
family needs ~ with an economy and
Page 198 and 199:
Melboume and Sydney through a netwo
Page 200 and 201:
Food nevertheless continued to serv
Page 202 and 203:
providing a Unk between the immigra
Page 204 and 205:
status and wealth he had eamed as a
Page 206 and 207:
on deck from the book, drapery, sta
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When she was fifteen years old and
Page 210 and 211:
In a similar way, family anecdotes
Page 212 and 213:
In 1929 Anchigi, the much loved son
Page 214 and 215:
PERINI Like most of the ItaUan-spea
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Fuhvood, it represented a movement
Page 218 and 219:
eaders, carrying messages from comp
Page 220 and 221:
Many ItaUan speakers eamed the resp
Page 222 and 223: On 14 March 1865 Vincenzo purchased
Page 224 and 225: usmess. Mrs Laughnan, a local schoo
Page 226 and 227: was bom two years later on 26 Octob
Page 228 and 229: elated to this problem. The Swiss S
Page 230 and 231: gold watch and chain from the peopl
Page 232 and 233: Spring Creek assumed after 1906) ha
Page 234 and 235: Australia, where he found employmen
Page 236 and 237: the guest-house was again damaged b
Page 238 and 239: RIGHETTI Four brothers of the Righe
Page 240 and 241: equipment and began their search. N
Page 242 and 243: While the food rations initially ha
Page 244 and 245: Despite the conflicts with competit
Page 246 and 247: years later he purchased the land o
Page 248 and 249: Unlike most Irish girls who married
Page 250 and 251: children (see previous sections) Lu
Page 252 and 253: for your future welfare will accomp
Page 254 and 255: - before shifting to Daylesford and
Page 256 and 257: knife and eaten on toast or bread,
Page 258 and 259: place among Australia's noteworthy
Page 260 and 261: CHAPTER FTVE : SCOUTING 225
Page 262 and 263: cane cutters and railway navvies, w
Page 264 and 265: earUest years of the 1850s, there w
Page 266 and 267: numbered ten out of a possible 60 w
Page 268 and 269: peasant farmers. Along with those u
Page 270 and 271: Racemande alia meglie e sorelle di
Page 274 and 275: theu actions through their letters
Page 276 and 277: The antagonism showm towards the Ch
Page 278 and 279: The greatest hardship, however, cam
Page 280 and 281: Many immigrants would also have bee
Page 282 and 283: usage, they also reflected a phonet
Page 284 and 285: MILESI By 1855, emigration to Austr
Page 286 and 287: ought social unrest and uncertainty
Page 288 and 289: The lack of documentary evidence fo
Page 290 and 291: Having remained in Hepbum as a mine
Page 292 and 293: Shepherds Flat the couple had buUt
Page 294 and 295: GUSCETTI Not all the Italian speake
Page 296 and 297: one Dr Marini of Besans, a nobleman
Page 298 and 299: fiiend in Milan a few days later. R
Page 300 and 301: 'dottor dei pomi di terra' (doctor
Page 302 and 303: In 1857, Severino and Giuditta prod
Page 304 and 305: Severino may have selected his frie
Page 306 and 307: honorary medical officer receiving
Page 308 and 309: disease of the liver'"**). Despite
Page 310 and 311: VANINA Unlike the Guscettis, who ar
Page 312 and 313: Australia, Carlo had decided to set
Page 314 and 315: Another traditional feature of the
Page 316 and 317: household where, at the end of the
Page 318 and 319: Giuseppa, with a farm to manage and
Page 320 and 321: (ref figure 9).'" Luigia had given
Page 322 and 323:
its lovely big kitchen, and the sto
Page 324 and 325:
known as) Alzheimer's Disease. Nurs
Page 326 and 327:
transferred."** Hs daughter Mary be
Page 328 and 329:
the Vanina family remained in Hepbu
Page 330 and 331:
SETTLING While some of the Italian
Page 332 and 333:
emained beyond the means of many It
Page 334 and 335:
[the] expertise of the Italians was
Page 336 and 337:
While the Swiss read with sadness t
Page 338 and 339:
Filippini. In 1859 three applicatio
Page 340 and 341:
planting vegetables, fi-uit trees,
Page 342 and 343:
despite his lack of British citizen
Page 344 and 345:
as well as the many Italian-speakin
Page 346 and 347:
compatriots' legal matters provided
Page 348 and 349:
community'.'* While never achieving
Page 350 and 351:
GERVASONI It is surprising that as
Page 352 and 353:
Italian speakers, strengthened thei
Page 354 and 355:
wife Maria to join him in the Colon
Page 356 and 357:
eplacing the more common si sottosc
Page 358 and 359:
workrooms for carrying out domestic
Page 360 and 361:
contact wdth the Anglo-Celtic popul
Page 362 and 363:
Giuseppe always wrote in Italian, h
Page 364 and 365:
from the purely practical features
Page 366 and 367:
With its increasing number of ItaUa
Page 368 and 369:
Much of the fi^it for their wdne an
Page 370 and 371:
family's crops were destroyed. Late
Page 372 and 373:
audiences over the next 40 years. J
Page 374 and 375:
was with a group of eight fellow vi
Page 376 and 377:
for, the peoples of Europe. During
Page 378 and 379:
Maria Celestina Elvezia in recognit
Page 380 and 381:
identification with a new 'home' ou
Page 382 and 383:
Eastem HiU. His children and grandc
Page 384 and 385:
GAGGIONI The story of the Gaggioni
Page 386 and 387:
Despite his many years in Australia
Page 388 and 389:
In the dovmstairs living area was a
Page 390 and 391:
farmed land extending back to Sprin
Page 392 and 393:
constmcted from creek stones from n
Page 394 and 395:
taught more about the countries to
Page 396 and 397:
ushfires which raged through Hepbum
Page 398 and 399:
other Italian speakers against the
Page 400 and 401:
in political affairs, at one time h
Page 402 and 403:
CHAPTER NINE : HOME AND FAMILY 367
Page 404 and 405:
Gossip concerning bigamous relation
Page 406 and 407:
sin. Along with a common faith, the
Page 408 and 409:
houses in Ticino and northern Italy
Page 410 and 411:
The preparation of the land before
Page 412 and 413:
used in the constmction process wer
Page 414 and 415:
esembled similar architectural feat
Page 416 and 417:
Fmgality and an ingenious use of re
Page 418 and 419:
When the daily work was done, the f
Page 420 and 421:
As vital participants in their fami
Page 422 and 423:
language which the children brought
Page 424 and 425:
games were usually a male-dominated
Page 426 and 427:
CHAPTER TEN : FAMILIES 1888 - 1889
Page 428 and 429:
(peasant fanner) married to Maria M
Page 430 and 431:
As expected, the Vanzettas were abl
Page 432 and 433:
area. Leading from the bakery, with
Page 434 and 435:
By 1898, the profits of the bakery
Page 436 and 437:
Added to this, one of his children
Page 438 and 439:
of the alpine farmer. Opposite thei
Page 440 and 441:
As the century progressed and the V
Page 442 and 443:
forgetfiil at times, he was still a
Page 444 and 445:
RODONI Isidoro Rodoni, like his cou
Page 446 and 447:
Aquilino Tinetti had arrived in Aus
Page 448 and 449:
Italian speakers providing unusual
Page 450 and 451:
the younger children,^'* Like the V
Page 452 and 453:
weighed 140 to 180 kilogrammes, a s
Page 454 and 455:
social bonds. A small proportion of
Page 456 and 457:
'farming' years and the establishme
Page 458 and 459:
LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING FORWARD Th
Page 460 and 461:
Alessandro Brocchi's defence of his
Page 462 and 463:
habhs in that period on the goldfie
Page 464 and 465:
Working on the goldfields as miners
Page 466 and 467:
family, many women had become physi
Page 468 and 469:
Italian speakers, thus, had the pow
Page 470 and 471:
Around their homes the Italian spea
Page 472 and 473:
in his native language, cf above pp
Page 474 and 475:
playmates; Lucinis' pasta factory i
Page 476 and 477:
other ItaUan-speaking families dona
Page 478 and 479:
cooperativeness had formed the basi
Page 480 and 481:
stmggled to preserve important aspe
Page 482 and 483:
Following the influx of Ticinesi an
Page 484 and 485:
Skin colour had (as many years befo
Page 486 and 487:
self-sufficient. Post-war ItaUans w
Page 488 and 489:
ethnic culture,'" While a shortage
Page 490 and 491:
about using their mother-tongue in
Page 492 and 493:
It insists on specificity, on conju
Page 494 and 495:
INTRODUCTION 1, Sandro Bianconi, /
Page 496 and 497:
25. Denis Mack Smith, Italy: A Mode
Page 498 and 499:
THE EMIGRANTS 1. Henry T. Maddicks,
Page 500 and 501:
27. May N. Diaz and Jack M. Potter,
Page 502 and 503:
POZZI 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 3. 2. ib
Page 504 and 505:
28. Leonardo Pozzi, letter 7 Septem
Page 506 and 507:
is attended by members of the South
Page 508 and 509:
17, Lazzaro's name has not been loc
Page 510 and 511:
49, Refer to above comment p, 5. 50
Page 512 and 513:
15. 'Our short trip has up to now b
Page 514 and 515:
34. 'hnmediately we made an appeal
Page 516 and 517:
QUANCHI 1. Maggia Municipal Records
Page 518 and 519:
31, Much of the information regardi
Page 520 and 521:
TOMASETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p.
Page 522 and 523:
35. ibid. 36. ibid. 37. ibid. 3 8.
Page 524 and 525:
LAFRANCHI 1. GentiUi (1988) pp. 59-
Page 526 and 527:
32, The tricolour flag It always wa
Page 528 and 529:
PERINI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p. 12
Page 530 and 531:
28. Vincenzo Perini, business ledge
Page 532 and 533:
RIGHETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol. 1, p.
Page 534 and 535:
have sold us their oven for 30 poun
Page 536 and 537:
48, ibid. 49, Sidney Righetti, inte
Page 538 and 539:
SCOUTING 1. Robert Pascoe, 'Place a
Page 540 and 541:
25. Maddicks (1981) p. 21 26. ibid.
Page 542 and 543:
45. 'to eam bread it was necessary
Page 544 and 545:
MILESI 1. CjentilU(1988)p, 3, 2. Re
Page 546 and 547:
GUSCETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p.
Page 548 and 549:
24. 'Most of the Swiss are here, a
Page 550 and 551:
VANINA 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p. 13
Page 552 and 553:
30. The small weatherboard house re
Page 554 and 555:
11. 'Scarce was the number of labou
Page 556 and 557:
GERVASONI 1. GentUU (1988) p. 3. 2.
Page 558 and 559:
30. Vision and Realisation, Vol 2,
Page 560 and 561:
19. CaUgari (1972) p. 3. 20. Inform
Page 562 and 563:
constmction of the home was provide
Page 564 and 565:
48, ibid, 49, Information derived f
Page 566 and 567:
16, Bart)ara Walsh, 'Bergamo', Ital
Page 568 and 569:
VANZETTA 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 3. 2.
Page 570 and 571:
25. Shire of Mount Franklin rate bo
Page 572 and 573:
RODONI 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 93. 2.
Page 574 and 575:
34. ibid. 35. ibid. 36. ibid. 37. I
Page 576 and 577:
described by Pascoe and Bertola in
Page 578 and 579:
39. Victoria Directorate of School
Page 580 and 581:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcorso, Caroline et a
Page 582 and 583:
Bianconi, Sandro, / due linguaggi:
Page 584 and 585:
Castles, S., et al, eds, Australia'
Page 586 and 587:
Daylesford Mercury and Express, 24
Page 588 and 589:
FumagaUi, Alberto, 'Architettura co
Page 590 and 591:
Hibbins, G. M., Fahey, C. and Askew
Page 592 and 593:
Lewds (Lafranchi), Marie, interview
Page 594 and 595:
Minutes, Proceedings and Correspond
Page 596 and 597:
Pascoe, Robert and Bertola, Patrick
Page 598 and 599:
Sagazio, Celestina, Italian Craftsm
Page 600 and 601:
Tomasetti, G. The Swiss at Blampied
Page 602:
Year Book Australia 1996, No, 78, C
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