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Many immigrants would also have been simply too weak and exhausted from working in the mines to be concemed about their faith: 'Si pud quasi dire che I 'Australia e per il corpo non per I'anima', wrote Pozzi, summing up the thoughts of his compatriots.*^ When significant numbers of priests did eventually reach the goldfields, the fact that they were predominantly Irish fiirther alienated some Italian speakers. Rather than draw comfort from Church rituals and teachings, they feared the strict Irish clergy who dwelt on spiritual rather than human concems ~ perhaps confirming the immigrants' traditional scepticism of and hostUity towards the Church's earthly ministers, (cf above comment p. 148). Important too were the political views which the Italian speakers had brought wdth them from Europe and which had influenced their religious affiliations. Among the immigrants from Lombardy (and their Ticinese sympathisers) were those who had been involved in Italy's stmggle for unification and who had jouied Freemason societies as a cover for nationalist, revolutionary activity.*^ Though Giuseppe Garibaldi would at one time declare that it was only the peasants of Sicily and Calabria who had backed Italian patriotism,*' the number of Italian speakers who became members of Freemason Lodges in Australia, suggests that among the immigrants were those whose beliefs remained those of the revolutionary leaders, Mazzini, Garibaldi and the poUtican Cavour, all of whom were Freemasons.*"* Despite this, many Italian speakers continued to place their faith in God, asking their families back home to pray for them. 'fPJregate Dio per me', wrote Antonio Bronz to Ticino in I860.** Some immigrants neglected their religious duties but still considered themselves practising CathoUcs, Giacomo Ceresa from Ticino writing: 'Non possiamo sentire laMessa alia festa perche non ce ne sono. Bisogna raccomandarci a Dio e 245
alia Vergine Scmtissima'.^^ These immigrants remained concemed for the spiritual welfare of their children back home passing instmctions, such as the following, on through their wives: 'ti raccomando di... farli andare alia santa messa alia festa '.*' The pressures of the goldfields, and the temptations of 'vagabond women', alcohol abuse and other vices disapproved of by the Church, aU drew the Italian speakers away from their faith: religion could not relieve the burden of overwork, debt and continual insecurity and many sought escape elsewhere. As Alessandro Pozzi (it may be recaUed**) claimed: 'era meglio che non si fossero disturbati questi religiosi, perche non gli danno disturbo'. Exposure to a range of religious practices, including those of the non-Christian Chinese, may have also challenged the beliefs of the Italian speakers so that, away from the viUage church wdth its regular caUs to prayer and reminders of reUgious duty, it was easy to diverge from the traditional path. In other parts of colonial AustraUa, Italian missionaries and priests ministered to mral populations, but none worked in the Daylesford area. Just as the beUefs and values of the Italian speakers were influenced by contact with a range of nationalities, so too was their language. The letters sent to their viUages are a rich source of anglicisms and attempts to understand the (predominantly spoken) EngUsh language. Several Anglo-Celtic expressions assumed by the Italian speakers, such as clem (claim), prospetto (prospect), ciansa (chance/fortune), roock (rock) and penovetti (pennyweight), related to their experiences in the mines. Other words concemed their to day-to-day activities as settlers, such as buying necessities ~ pene (penny) and storo (store), entertainments — pubblichouse (public house), and people they encountered ~ polismann (policeman). Apart from indicating common 246
Page 3 and 4:
VICTORIA UNIVERSITY IMMIGRANT PLACE
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Declaration Except where otherwise
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Abstract iv
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Vanzetta 392 Rodoni 409 CHAPTER ELE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people assist
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Fig. 5 Charlwood, Don, The Long Far
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IMPERIAL MEASURES TECHNICAL NOTES I
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SUMMARY In this dissertation I argu
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to Australia. It examines their att
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LIST OF FIGURES PAGE FIG. 1. THE IT
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Fig 2 Switzerland and Northern Ital
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^ ^ vii/^-^v c^^r^ I ' sl/ ^ I' rfu
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xx/i
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^^Lauezzolo's Hotel 1860 (Alesscmdw
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XXVII
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^ ':^&-|W^ •( ' , I ;•"!' Jrl'i
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increasingly focuses on the questio
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study. Time and again in the interv
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connected to people that they have
Page 42 and 43:
In terms of horizontal consciousnes
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family bonds. In their telling, and
Page 46 and 47:
which features so prominently in th
Page 48 and 49:
In order to explore these forces, t
Page 50 and 51:
(1988; 1989). Others are from areas
Page 52 and 53:
CHAPTER ONE : THE EMIGRANTS 18
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from the title of an old sailor's s
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From Eganstown and Deep Creek in th
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the separate states combined to for
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under the heading of 'other Europea
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The peasant family, vdth his house
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At the conclusion of the Napoleonic
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usiness practice was tolerated by p
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women and children, the old and the
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POZZI When up to 40 Valmaggesi (peo
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Ticino, many of those working in Lo
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the peak period, only the H. Ludwin
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Pozzis wrote less optimistically to
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that Stefano constmcted a jeweller'
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confession, Alessandro replied that
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clemo.^^ Stefano leamed to use capi
Page 84 and 85:
at 250 pounds. Later, when gold was
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Leonardo received the sad news of h
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and was happy in her new home. She
Page 90 and 91:
16 December 1886. The Star Hotel, a
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In their five-roomed cellar ~ a fam
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Q Q Q :§ xxv I
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Stefano died at 89 years of age on
Page 98 and 99:
The home on Italian Hill was sold m
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possibly as labourers. The closure
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Arriving only a few years after the
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Maurizio Morganti, sought self-empl
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world, the Tognazzini and Morganti
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stage in the 1860s they also decide
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As evidence of the masterful buildi
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their purchases reflectmg a beUef i
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It was, for the Morgantis, a small
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withdrawal of her children from the
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groups together, providing both the
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specialisation of roles, each famil
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given the opportunity to work throu
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Someo and another had gone on to Ca
Page 126 and 127:
THE JOURNEY The Itahan-speaking imm
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Al memento non posso spedirti denar
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Many of the contracts were also mis
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un poco amalati, e il motive e stat
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Gioachimo Respini from Cevio, writi
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home, a home that would seldom be s
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For the majority of the time, howev
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egarded as one of the richest place
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more readily accepted into Anglo-Ce
Page 144 and 145:
on traditional ways but, rather, fo
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QUANCHI Among the ItaUan-speaking s
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language difficulties), eventually
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and an urgency to find employment.
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By 1862, Alessandro was mining at L
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and only permitted the men to buy i
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describing each of them as general
Page 158 and 159:
child James was bom in 1878, in the
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As the business grew and it became
Page 162 and 163:
esponsibilities of one another, how
Page 164 and 165:
difficulties, but rather pride in t
Page 166 and 167:
partners and in the naming of child
Page 168 and 169:
advertising campaigns of the travel
Page 170 and 171:
had an association with a Mr Tunzi
Page 172 and 173:
the Irish and Italian speakers, the
Page 174 and 175:
This child survived the birth thoug
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established a small dairy farm on h
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1874, his salary was stopped. Fathe
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however, the first of several bad s
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ackground and the practices which h
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employment. Within most households
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Smce Celestino had not leamed Itali
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would labour on the farm, his pants
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LAFRANCHI The Lafranchis were anoth
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where he began dairy farming. The m
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Proud of the wealth he had accumula
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family needs ~ with an economy and
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Melboume and Sydney through a netwo
Page 200 and 201:
Food nevertheless continued to serv
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providing a Unk between the immigra
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status and wealth he had eamed as a
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on deck from the book, drapery, sta
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When she was fifteen years old and
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In a similar way, family anecdotes
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In 1929 Anchigi, the much loved son
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PERINI Like most of the ItaUan-spea
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Fuhvood, it represented a movement
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eaders, carrying messages from comp
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Many ItaUan speakers eamed the resp
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On 14 March 1865 Vincenzo purchased
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usmess. Mrs Laughnan, a local schoo
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was bom two years later on 26 Octob
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elated to this problem. The Swiss S
Page 230 and 231: gold watch and chain from the peopl
Page 232 and 233: Spring Creek assumed after 1906) ha
Page 234 and 235: Australia, where he found employmen
Page 236 and 237: the guest-house was again damaged b
Page 238 and 239: RIGHETTI Four brothers of the Righe
Page 240 and 241: equipment and began their search. N
Page 242 and 243: While the food rations initially ha
Page 244 and 245: Despite the conflicts with competit
Page 246 and 247: years later he purchased the land o
Page 248 and 249: Unlike most Irish girls who married
Page 250 and 251: children (see previous sections) Lu
Page 252 and 253: for your future welfare will accomp
Page 254 and 255: - before shifting to Daylesford and
Page 256 and 257: knife and eaten on toast or bread,
Page 258 and 259: place among Australia's noteworthy
Page 260 and 261: CHAPTER FTVE : SCOUTING 225
Page 262 and 263: cane cutters and railway navvies, w
Page 264 and 265: earUest years of the 1850s, there w
Page 266 and 267: numbered ten out of a possible 60 w
Page 268 and 269: peasant farmers. Along with those u
Page 270 and 271: Racemande alia meglie e sorelle di
Page 272 and 273: Operating larger mines which employ
Page 274 and 275: theu actions through their letters
Page 276 and 277: The antagonism showm towards the Ch
Page 278 and 279: The greatest hardship, however, cam
Page 282 and 283: usage, they also reflected a phonet
Page 284 and 285: MILESI By 1855, emigration to Austr
Page 286 and 287: ought social unrest and uncertainty
Page 288 and 289: The lack of documentary evidence fo
Page 290 and 291: Having remained in Hepbum as a mine
Page 292 and 293: Shepherds Flat the couple had buUt
Page 294 and 295: GUSCETTI Not all the Italian speake
Page 296 and 297: one Dr Marini of Besans, a nobleman
Page 298 and 299: fiiend in Milan a few days later. R
Page 300 and 301: 'dottor dei pomi di terra' (doctor
Page 302 and 303: In 1857, Severino and Giuditta prod
Page 304 and 305: Severino may have selected his frie
Page 306 and 307: honorary medical officer receiving
Page 308 and 309: disease of the liver'"**). Despite
Page 310 and 311: VANINA Unlike the Guscettis, who ar
Page 312 and 313: Australia, Carlo had decided to set
Page 314 and 315: Another traditional feature of the
Page 316 and 317: household where, at the end of the
Page 318 and 319: Giuseppa, with a farm to manage and
Page 320 and 321: (ref figure 9).'" Luigia had given
Page 322 and 323: its lovely big kitchen, and the sto
Page 324 and 325: known as) Alzheimer's Disease. Nurs
Page 326 and 327: transferred."** Hs daughter Mary be
Page 328 and 329: the Vanina family remained in Hepbu
Page 330 and 331:
SETTLING While some of the Italian
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emained beyond the means of many It
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[the] expertise of the Italians was
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While the Swiss read with sadness t
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Filippini. In 1859 three applicatio
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planting vegetables, fi-uit trees,
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despite his lack of British citizen
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as well as the many Italian-speakin
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compatriots' legal matters provided
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community'.'* While never achieving
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GERVASONI It is surprising that as
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Italian speakers, strengthened thei
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wife Maria to join him in the Colon
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eplacing the more common si sottosc
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workrooms for carrying out domestic
Page 360 and 361:
contact wdth the Anglo-Celtic popul
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Giuseppe always wrote in Italian, h
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from the purely practical features
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With its increasing number of ItaUa
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Much of the fi^it for their wdne an
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family's crops were destroyed. Late
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audiences over the next 40 years. J
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was with a group of eight fellow vi
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for, the peoples of Europe. During
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Maria Celestina Elvezia in recognit
Page 380 and 381:
identification with a new 'home' ou
Page 382 and 383:
Eastem HiU. His children and grandc
Page 384 and 385:
GAGGIONI The story of the Gaggioni
Page 386 and 387:
Despite his many years in Australia
Page 388 and 389:
In the dovmstairs living area was a
Page 390 and 391:
farmed land extending back to Sprin
Page 392 and 393:
constmcted from creek stones from n
Page 394 and 395:
taught more about the countries to
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ushfires which raged through Hepbum
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other Italian speakers against the
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in political affairs, at one time h
Page 402 and 403:
CHAPTER NINE : HOME AND FAMILY 367
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Gossip concerning bigamous relation
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sin. Along with a common faith, the
Page 408 and 409:
houses in Ticino and northern Italy
Page 410 and 411:
The preparation of the land before
Page 412 and 413:
used in the constmction process wer
Page 414 and 415:
esembled similar architectural feat
Page 416 and 417:
Fmgality and an ingenious use of re
Page 418 and 419:
When the daily work was done, the f
Page 420 and 421:
As vital participants in their fami
Page 422 and 423:
language which the children brought
Page 424 and 425:
games were usually a male-dominated
Page 426 and 427:
CHAPTER TEN : FAMILIES 1888 - 1889
Page 428 and 429:
(peasant fanner) married to Maria M
Page 430 and 431:
As expected, the Vanzettas were abl
Page 432 and 433:
area. Leading from the bakery, with
Page 434 and 435:
By 1898, the profits of the bakery
Page 436 and 437:
Added to this, one of his children
Page 438 and 439:
of the alpine farmer. Opposite thei
Page 440 and 441:
As the century progressed and the V
Page 442 and 443:
forgetfiil at times, he was still a
Page 444 and 445:
RODONI Isidoro Rodoni, like his cou
Page 446 and 447:
Aquilino Tinetti had arrived in Aus
Page 448 and 449:
Italian speakers providing unusual
Page 450 and 451:
the younger children,^'* Like the V
Page 452 and 453:
weighed 140 to 180 kilogrammes, a s
Page 454 and 455:
social bonds. A small proportion of
Page 456 and 457:
'farming' years and the establishme
Page 458 and 459:
LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING FORWARD Th
Page 460 and 461:
Alessandro Brocchi's defence of his
Page 462 and 463:
habhs in that period on the goldfie
Page 464 and 465:
Working on the goldfields as miners
Page 466 and 467:
family, many women had become physi
Page 468 and 469:
Italian speakers, thus, had the pow
Page 470 and 471:
Around their homes the Italian spea
Page 472 and 473:
in his native language, cf above pp
Page 474 and 475:
playmates; Lucinis' pasta factory i
Page 476 and 477:
other ItaUan-speaking families dona
Page 478 and 479:
cooperativeness had formed the basi
Page 480 and 481:
stmggled to preserve important aspe
Page 482 and 483:
Following the influx of Ticinesi an
Page 484 and 485:
Skin colour had (as many years befo
Page 486 and 487:
self-sufficient. Post-war ItaUans w
Page 488 and 489:
ethnic culture,'" While a shortage
Page 490 and 491:
about using their mother-tongue in
Page 492 and 493:
It insists on specificity, on conju
Page 494 and 495:
INTRODUCTION 1, Sandro Bianconi, /
Page 496 and 497:
25. Denis Mack Smith, Italy: A Mode
Page 498 and 499:
THE EMIGRANTS 1. Henry T. Maddicks,
Page 500 and 501:
27. May N. Diaz and Jack M. Potter,
Page 502 and 503:
POZZI 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 3. 2. ib
Page 504 and 505:
28. Leonardo Pozzi, letter 7 Septem
Page 506 and 507:
is attended by members of the South
Page 508 and 509:
17, Lazzaro's name has not been loc
Page 510 and 511:
49, Refer to above comment p, 5. 50
Page 512 and 513:
15. 'Our short trip has up to now b
Page 514 and 515:
34. 'hnmediately we made an appeal
Page 516 and 517:
QUANCHI 1. Maggia Municipal Records
Page 518 and 519:
31, Much of the information regardi
Page 520 and 521:
TOMASETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p.
Page 522 and 523:
35. ibid. 36. ibid. 37. ibid. 3 8.
Page 524 and 525:
LAFRANCHI 1. GentiUi (1988) pp. 59-
Page 526 and 527:
32, The tricolour flag It always wa
Page 528 and 529:
PERINI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p. 12
Page 530 and 531:
28. Vincenzo Perini, business ledge
Page 532 and 533:
RIGHETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol. 1, p.
Page 534 and 535:
have sold us their oven for 30 poun
Page 536 and 537:
48, ibid. 49, Sidney Righetti, inte
Page 538 and 539:
SCOUTING 1. Robert Pascoe, 'Place a
Page 540 and 541:
25. Maddicks (1981) p. 21 26. ibid.
Page 542 and 543:
45. 'to eam bread it was necessary
Page 544 and 545:
MILESI 1. CjentilU(1988)p, 3, 2. Re
Page 546 and 547:
GUSCETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p.
Page 548 and 549:
24. 'Most of the Swiss are here, a
Page 550 and 551:
VANINA 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p. 13
Page 552 and 553:
30. The small weatherboard house re
Page 554 and 555:
11. 'Scarce was the number of labou
Page 556 and 557:
GERVASONI 1. GentUU (1988) p. 3. 2.
Page 558 and 559:
30. Vision and Realisation, Vol 2,
Page 560 and 561:
19. CaUgari (1972) p. 3. 20. Inform
Page 562 and 563:
constmction of the home was provide
Page 564 and 565:
48, ibid, 49, Information derived f
Page 566 and 567:
16, Bart)ara Walsh, 'Bergamo', Ital
Page 568 and 569:
VANZETTA 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 3. 2.
Page 570 and 571:
25. Shire of Mount Franklin rate bo
Page 572 and 573:
RODONI 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 93. 2.
Page 574 and 575:
34. ibid. 35. ibid. 36. ibid. 37. I
Page 576 and 577:
described by Pascoe and Bertola in
Page 578 and 579:
39. Victoria Directorate of School
Page 580 and 581:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcorso, Caroline et a
Page 582 and 583:
Bianconi, Sandro, / due linguaggi:
Page 584 and 585:
Castles, S., et al, eds, Australia'
Page 586 and 587:
Daylesford Mercury and Express, 24
Page 588 and 589:
FumagaUi, Alberto, 'Architettura co
Page 590 and 591:
Hibbins, G. M., Fahey, C. and Askew
Page 592 and 593:
Lewds (Lafranchi), Marie, interview
Page 594 and 595:
Minutes, Proceedings and Correspond
Page 596 and 597:
Pascoe, Robert and Bertola, Patrick
Page 598 and 599:
Sagazio, Celestina, Italian Craftsm
Page 600 and 601:
Tomasetti, G. The Swiss at Blampied
Page 602:
Year Book Australia 1996, No, 78, C
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