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stmggled to preserve important aspects of their culture and to retain their independence as a non-English-speaking commuruty. Despite the dominating influence of the Anglo-Cehic population, they had successfully established homes, farms, busmesses and a way of Ufe which reflected their pre-Australian backgrounds. They had drawn upon their skills as farmers and labourers to maximise use of limited resources and to set up powerful support networks. They had become a significant presence in the business world — their public face to the Australian community ~ and had contributed to the social life of the district through their dances and parties. They had also taken an active role in community activities and organisations and had performed many philanthropical deeds. They had demonstrated that a non-English- speaking culture could successfully establish itself within an Anglo-Cehic environment whhout forsaking its own identity. Even after their deaths there remained in the Daylesford district tangible evidence of the Italian speakers' former presence and influence: the homes which they had named Gordevio (cf above p.3 52) or Biasca (cf above p.278) in memory of their villages; the places and street names which recalled where families had lived (Italian HiU, Morganti's Road, Borsa Avenue); the newspaper articles which recorded their participation in local events (including a dramatic performance of 'WiUiam Tell', cf above p.218) and the names of gold mines which revealed their Swiss-Italian ties (SpiUaci's Tunnel, the Florence and Garibaldi Mines, cf above pp.237). Also left to posterity were their guest houses and hotels ~ Bellinzona, Locarno and The Swiss Mountain Hotel ~ which had been taken over by their offspring and operated into the next century. By the 1990s this evidence linked Italian speakers, not only to the past, 445
ut also to the present. It had inspired a 'renaissance' of interest in Swiss-ItaUan culture in the local population. Many of Daylesford's restaurants ~ through their names, decor and menus ~ expressed the region's Italian heritage and bullboar sausages were sold from a number of local butcher shops.' The sausage's popularity was evident in tourist events such as the following which featured in the Daylesford press in 1991: Bull Boars are flavour of the day. Glenlyon Sports Day has programmed an unusual event for its New Year's Day event the World Title Bull Boar Eating Contest." This wddely enjoyed and advertised activity had helped carry Daylesford's ethnic history beyond hs regional borders and into the general community. Along with the many restaurants and cafes which today recall the region's ethnic history, buildings such as Villa Parma and Bellinzona,^ offer tourist accommodation in the renovated or re-built premises of the Italian settlers. In recent years, a group of local tradespeople have initiated a Swiss-Italian Festa at Hepbum Springs celebrating Italian foods, wine, history, film, art and sports. Fourth and fifth generation descendants are encouraged to participate, one member of the Lucini family opening the old macaroni factory to the public and marketing pasta sauce made to an authentic family recipe.* The rebirth of interest in Daylesford's ethnic heritage is, of course, part of a broader appreciation of Australia's Italian immigrants ~ reflected, for example, in similar tourist attractions in Lygon Street, Carlton (Melboume). The impact of Italian immigration did not, therefore, end with the colonial period but was continued by subsequent waves of Italian immigrants who settled in other regions of the continent. 446
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VICTORIA UNIVERSITY IMMIGRANT PLACE
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Declaration Except where otherwise
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Abstract iv
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Vanzetta 392 Rodoni 409 CHAPTER ELE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people assist
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Fig. 5 Charlwood, Don, The Long Far
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IMPERIAL MEASURES TECHNICAL NOTES I
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SUMMARY In this dissertation I argu
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to Australia. It examines their att
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LIST OF FIGURES PAGE FIG. 1. THE IT
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Fig 2 Switzerland and Northern Ital
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^ ^ vii/^-^v c^^r^ I ' sl/ ^ I' rfu
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xx/i
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^^Lauezzolo's Hotel 1860 (Alesscmdw
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XXVII
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^ ':^&-|W^ •( ' , I ;•"!' Jrl'i
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increasingly focuses on the questio
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study. Time and again in the interv
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connected to people that they have
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In terms of horizontal consciousnes
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family bonds. In their telling, and
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which features so prominently in th
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In order to explore these forces, t
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(1988; 1989). Others are from areas
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CHAPTER ONE : THE EMIGRANTS 18
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from the title of an old sailor's s
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From Eganstown and Deep Creek in th
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the separate states combined to for
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under the heading of 'other Europea
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The peasant family, vdth his house
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At the conclusion of the Napoleonic
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usiness practice was tolerated by p
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women and children, the old and the
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POZZI When up to 40 Valmaggesi (peo
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Ticino, many of those working in Lo
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the peak period, only the H. Ludwin
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Pozzis wrote less optimistically to
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that Stefano constmcted a jeweller'
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confession, Alessandro replied that
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clemo.^^ Stefano leamed to use capi
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at 250 pounds. Later, when gold was
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Leonardo received the sad news of h
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and was happy in her new home. She
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16 December 1886. The Star Hotel, a
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In their five-roomed cellar ~ a fam
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Q Q Q :§ xxv I
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Stefano died at 89 years of age on
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The home on Italian Hill was sold m
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possibly as labourers. The closure
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Arriving only a few years after the
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Maurizio Morganti, sought self-empl
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world, the Tognazzini and Morganti
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stage in the 1860s they also decide
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As evidence of the masterful buildi
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their purchases reflectmg a beUef i
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It was, for the Morgantis, a small
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withdrawal of her children from the
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groups together, providing both the
Page 120 and 121:
specialisation of roles, each famil
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given the opportunity to work throu
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Someo and another had gone on to Ca
Page 126 and 127:
THE JOURNEY The Itahan-speaking imm
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Al memento non posso spedirti denar
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Many of the contracts were also mis
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un poco amalati, e il motive e stat
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Gioachimo Respini from Cevio, writi
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home, a home that would seldom be s
Page 138 and 139:
For the majority of the time, howev
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egarded as one of the richest place
Page 142 and 143:
more readily accepted into Anglo-Ce
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on traditional ways but, rather, fo
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QUANCHI Among the ItaUan-speaking s
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language difficulties), eventually
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and an urgency to find employment.
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By 1862, Alessandro was mining at L
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and only permitted the men to buy i
Page 156 and 157:
describing each of them as general
Page 158 and 159:
child James was bom in 1878, in the
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As the business grew and it became
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esponsibilities of one another, how
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difficulties, but rather pride in t
Page 166 and 167:
partners and in the naming of child
Page 168 and 169:
advertising campaigns of the travel
Page 170 and 171:
had an association with a Mr Tunzi
Page 172 and 173:
the Irish and Italian speakers, the
Page 174 and 175:
This child survived the birth thoug
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established a small dairy farm on h
Page 178 and 179:
1874, his salary was stopped. Fathe
Page 180 and 181:
however, the first of several bad s
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ackground and the practices which h
Page 184 and 185:
employment. Within most households
Page 186 and 187:
Smce Celestino had not leamed Itali
Page 188 and 189:
would labour on the farm, his pants
Page 190 and 191:
LAFRANCHI The Lafranchis were anoth
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where he began dairy farming. The m
Page 194 and 195:
Proud of the wealth he had accumula
Page 196 and 197:
family needs ~ with an economy and
Page 198 and 199:
Melboume and Sydney through a netwo
Page 200 and 201:
Food nevertheless continued to serv
Page 202 and 203:
providing a Unk between the immigra
Page 204 and 205:
status and wealth he had eamed as a
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on deck from the book, drapery, sta
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When she was fifteen years old and
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In a similar way, family anecdotes
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In 1929 Anchigi, the much loved son
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PERINI Like most of the ItaUan-spea
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Fuhvood, it represented a movement
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eaders, carrying messages from comp
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Many ItaUan speakers eamed the resp
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On 14 March 1865 Vincenzo purchased
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usmess. Mrs Laughnan, a local schoo
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was bom two years later on 26 Octob
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elated to this problem. The Swiss S
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gold watch and chain from the peopl
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Spring Creek assumed after 1906) ha
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Australia, where he found employmen
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the guest-house was again damaged b
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RIGHETTI Four brothers of the Righe
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equipment and began their search. N
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While the food rations initially ha
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Despite the conflicts with competit
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years later he purchased the land o
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Unlike most Irish girls who married
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children (see previous sections) Lu
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for your future welfare will accomp
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- before shifting to Daylesford and
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knife and eaten on toast or bread,
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place among Australia's noteworthy
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CHAPTER FTVE : SCOUTING 225
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cane cutters and railway navvies, w
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earUest years of the 1850s, there w
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numbered ten out of a possible 60 w
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peasant farmers. Along with those u
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Racemande alia meglie e sorelle di
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Operating larger mines which employ
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theu actions through their letters
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The antagonism showm towards the Ch
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The greatest hardship, however, cam
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Many immigrants would also have bee
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usage, they also reflected a phonet
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MILESI By 1855, emigration to Austr
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ought social unrest and uncertainty
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The lack of documentary evidence fo
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Having remained in Hepbum as a mine
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Shepherds Flat the couple had buUt
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GUSCETTI Not all the Italian speake
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one Dr Marini of Besans, a nobleman
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fiiend in Milan a few days later. R
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'dottor dei pomi di terra' (doctor
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In 1857, Severino and Giuditta prod
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Severino may have selected his frie
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honorary medical officer receiving
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disease of the liver'"**). Despite
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VANINA Unlike the Guscettis, who ar
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Australia, Carlo had decided to set
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Another traditional feature of the
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household where, at the end of the
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Giuseppa, with a farm to manage and
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(ref figure 9).'" Luigia had given
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its lovely big kitchen, and the sto
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known as) Alzheimer's Disease. Nurs
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transferred."** Hs daughter Mary be
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the Vanina family remained in Hepbu
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SETTLING While some of the Italian
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emained beyond the means of many It
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[the] expertise of the Italians was
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While the Swiss read with sadness t
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Filippini. In 1859 three applicatio
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planting vegetables, fi-uit trees,
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despite his lack of British citizen
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as well as the many Italian-speakin
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compatriots' legal matters provided
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community'.'* While never achieving
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GERVASONI It is surprising that as
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Italian speakers, strengthened thei
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wife Maria to join him in the Colon
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eplacing the more common si sottosc
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workrooms for carrying out domestic
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contact wdth the Anglo-Celtic popul
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Giuseppe always wrote in Italian, h
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from the purely practical features
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With its increasing number of ItaUa
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Much of the fi^it for their wdne an
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family's crops were destroyed. Late
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audiences over the next 40 years. J
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was with a group of eight fellow vi
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for, the peoples of Europe. During
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Maria Celestina Elvezia in recognit
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identification with a new 'home' ou
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Eastem HiU. His children and grandc
Page 384 and 385:
GAGGIONI The story of the Gaggioni
Page 386 and 387:
Despite his many years in Australia
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In the dovmstairs living area was a
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farmed land extending back to Sprin
Page 392 and 393:
constmcted from creek stones from n
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taught more about the countries to
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ushfires which raged through Hepbum
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other Italian speakers against the
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in political affairs, at one time h
Page 402 and 403:
CHAPTER NINE : HOME AND FAMILY 367
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Gossip concerning bigamous relation
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sin. Along with a common faith, the
Page 408 and 409:
houses in Ticino and northern Italy
Page 410 and 411:
The preparation of the land before
Page 412 and 413:
used in the constmction process wer
Page 414 and 415:
esembled similar architectural feat
Page 416 and 417:
Fmgality and an ingenious use of re
Page 418 and 419:
When the daily work was done, the f
Page 420 and 421:
As vital participants in their fami
Page 422 and 423:
language which the children brought
Page 424 and 425:
games were usually a male-dominated
Page 426 and 427:
CHAPTER TEN : FAMILIES 1888 - 1889
Page 428 and 429:
(peasant fanner) married to Maria M
Page 430 and 431: As expected, the Vanzettas were abl
Page 432 and 433: area. Leading from the bakery, with
Page 434 and 435: By 1898, the profits of the bakery
Page 436 and 437: Added to this, one of his children
Page 438 and 439: of the alpine farmer. Opposite thei
Page 440 and 441: As the century progressed and the V
Page 442 and 443: forgetfiil at times, he was still a
Page 444 and 445: RODONI Isidoro Rodoni, like his cou
Page 446 and 447: Aquilino Tinetti had arrived in Aus
Page 448 and 449: Italian speakers providing unusual
Page 450 and 451: the younger children,^'* Like the V
Page 452 and 453: weighed 140 to 180 kilogrammes, a s
Page 454 and 455: social bonds. A small proportion of
Page 456 and 457: 'farming' years and the establishme
Page 458 and 459: LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING FORWARD Th
Page 460 and 461: Alessandro Brocchi's defence of his
Page 462 and 463: habhs in that period on the goldfie
Page 464 and 465: Working on the goldfields as miners
Page 466 and 467: family, many women had become physi
Page 468 and 469: Italian speakers, thus, had the pow
Page 470 and 471: Around their homes the Italian spea
Page 472 and 473: in his native language, cf above pp
Page 474 and 475: playmates; Lucinis' pasta factory i
Page 476 and 477: other ItaUan-speaking families dona
Page 478 and 479: cooperativeness had formed the basi
Page 482 and 483: Following the influx of Ticinesi an
Page 484 and 485: Skin colour had (as many years befo
Page 486 and 487: self-sufficient. Post-war ItaUans w
Page 488 and 489: ethnic culture,'" While a shortage
Page 490 and 491: about using their mother-tongue in
Page 492 and 493: It insists on specificity, on conju
Page 494 and 495: INTRODUCTION 1, Sandro Bianconi, /
Page 496 and 497: 25. Denis Mack Smith, Italy: A Mode
Page 498 and 499: THE EMIGRANTS 1. Henry T. Maddicks,
Page 500 and 501: 27. May N. Diaz and Jack M. Potter,
Page 502 and 503: POZZI 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 3. 2. ib
Page 504 and 505: 28. Leonardo Pozzi, letter 7 Septem
Page 506 and 507: is attended by members of the South
Page 508 and 509: 17, Lazzaro's name has not been loc
Page 510 and 511: 49, Refer to above comment p, 5. 50
Page 512 and 513: 15. 'Our short trip has up to now b
Page 514 and 515: 34. 'hnmediately we made an appeal
Page 516 and 517: QUANCHI 1. Maggia Municipal Records
Page 518 and 519: 31, Much of the information regardi
Page 520 and 521: TOMASETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p.
Page 522 and 523: 35. ibid. 36. ibid. 37. ibid. 3 8.
Page 524 and 525: LAFRANCHI 1. GentiUi (1988) pp. 59-
Page 526 and 527: 32, The tricolour flag It always wa
Page 528 and 529: PERINI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p. 12
Page 530 and 531:
28. Vincenzo Perini, business ledge
Page 532 and 533:
RIGHETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol. 1, p.
Page 534 and 535:
have sold us their oven for 30 poun
Page 536 and 537:
48, ibid. 49, Sidney Righetti, inte
Page 538 and 539:
SCOUTING 1. Robert Pascoe, 'Place a
Page 540 and 541:
25. Maddicks (1981) p. 21 26. ibid.
Page 542 and 543:
45. 'to eam bread it was necessary
Page 544 and 545:
MILESI 1. CjentilU(1988)p, 3, 2. Re
Page 546 and 547:
GUSCETTI 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p.
Page 548 and 549:
24. 'Most of the Swiss are here, a
Page 550 and 551:
VANINA 1. Cheda (1979) Vol 1, p. 13
Page 552 and 553:
30. The small weatherboard house re
Page 554 and 555:
11. 'Scarce was the number of labou
Page 556 and 557:
GERVASONI 1. GentUU (1988) p. 3. 2.
Page 558 and 559:
30. Vision and Realisation, Vol 2,
Page 560 and 561:
19. CaUgari (1972) p. 3. 20. Inform
Page 562 and 563:
constmction of the home was provide
Page 564 and 565:
48, ibid, 49, Information derived f
Page 566 and 567:
16, Bart)ara Walsh, 'Bergamo', Ital
Page 568 and 569:
VANZETTA 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 3. 2.
Page 570 and 571:
25. Shire of Mount Franklin rate bo
Page 572 and 573:
RODONI 1. GentiUi (1988) p. 93. 2.
Page 574 and 575:
34. ibid. 35. ibid. 36. ibid. 37. I
Page 576 and 577:
described by Pascoe and Bertola in
Page 578 and 579:
39. Victoria Directorate of School
Page 580 and 581:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcorso, Caroline et a
Page 582 and 583:
Bianconi, Sandro, / due linguaggi:
Page 584 and 585:
Castles, S., et al, eds, Australia'
Page 586 and 587:
Daylesford Mercury and Express, 24
Page 588 and 589:
FumagaUi, Alberto, 'Architettura co
Page 590 and 591:
Hibbins, G. M., Fahey, C. and Askew
Page 592 and 593:
Lewds (Lafranchi), Marie, interview
Page 594 and 595:
Minutes, Proceedings and Correspond
Page 596 and 597:
Pascoe, Robert and Bertola, Patrick
Page 598 and 599:
Sagazio, Celestina, Italian Craftsm
Page 600 and 601:
Tomasetti, G. The Swiss at Blampied
Page 602:
Year Book Australia 1996, No, 78, C
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