Mediterranean Action Plan

602
ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
Table 33 Present and future total final energy consumption in Turkey (Mtoe) [25, 26]
Gas accounted for 38 % of total electricity generation in 2005, coal 28 % and oil at about 7
%. Hydropower is the main indigenous source for electricity production and represented 27
% of total generation in 2005 (Table 34). Hydropower declined significantly relative to 2000
due to lower electricity demand and to take-or-pay contracts in the natural gas market.
According to Turkish statistics, the share of hydropower in electricity generation increased to
26 % in 2002 [25,65].
Table 34 Electric power capacity development in Turkey [26, 27]
The use of oil has been increasing gradually for the last several decades. Especially keeping
with the pace of globalization and the rapid industrial development of the world, this result is
inevitable in Turkey. Oil is the main source of primary energy consumed. Its share in TPER
was 47 % in 1995 (Table 31) [23]. Because of natural gas, this rate has started to decrease.
Indigenous oil production in 1995 met only 15 % of demand, the rest (85 %) being imported.
Turkish oil consumption has increased in recent years, and this is expected to continue, with
growth of 2-3 % annually in coming years. Oil provides nearly half of Turkey‟s total energy
requirements, but its share is declining (as the shares of NG and hydropower rise).
TPAO by itself provides about 80 % of the Turkey‟s total oil input, which is currently around
56,000 bbl/d, down from 90,000 bbl/d in 1991. In general, Turkey has small oil areas. These
are located in different parts of the country. In the southeast area called Hakkari Basin is
Turkey‟s chief oil-producing area. The oil in other areas is very difficult to find and produce.
Apart from the Hakkari Basin, Turkey provides oil from the Black Sea shelf region, and from
other oil basins in southern and south-eastern regions of the country [168].
Imports of petroleum averaged more than 15 million tons per year in the early 1980s and
increased to about 23 million tons in the early 1990s. Most of Turkey's oil fields are located in
south-eastern Anatolia near the borders with Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Because of the country's
fractured substrata, deposits are often contained in small pockets, which makes exploration
and extraction difficult [166].