Mediterranean Action Plan

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ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
Table 53 Comparison of marginal costs
2. Rational Energy Use and Renewable Energies
2.1 RUE and RE Policies
The electricity losses come from the transmission and distribution systems. The loss in the
transmission line of Turkey is about 2.5-3%, which is within world standards. However, the
distribution loss is considerably high at 15%. Concerning the TOOR of electricity distribution
facilities to private sector. It is expected that the distribution losses will be reduced.
Cogeneration, or auto-production, is known as Combined Heat and Power (CHP), which has
been developed by governmental support to support the continuing need for additional
electricity generation. There were only for cogeneration plants in operation in 1994, with a
total capacity of only 30 MWe. Since then, incentives were offered by TEDAS in the form of a
100 % tax deduction, duty exemptions for auto-production facilities, and guaranteed
purchasing of any surplus electricity [15]. By mid-2001, this has been improved in Turkey so
much that, there were 90 operating cogeneration plants with a total capacity of 2060 Mwe,
and 153 cogeneration plants representing another 10,400 MWe, under evaluation by the
MENR. These are usually located in the so-called „„Organized Industrial Zones‟‟ or „„OSBs‟‟.
The total installed cogeneration capacity was expected to reach up to 6000 MWe by 2005
[15]. That means it will represent about 20 % of Turkey‟s total installed electricity generating
capacity.
However, the government needs to audit major energy users to discover which could cut
back consumption. In addition, a shift in relative energy prices to reflect long-run costs might
induce industrial restructuring that would take Turkey's energy endowment into account.
Moreover, energy policy makers need to improve management of firewood and agricultural
wastes, which continue to play an important role in the rural energy economy.
In 1995 National Energy Conservation Centre (NECC), with the participation of the European
Union, completed a modelling system to have better forecast consumption in the industry
residential building and transport sectors in order to determine energy savings measures
better. According to results, the NECC estimated that 13.2 Mtoe could be saved annually in
Turkey.
TS 825 is a standard that related with the rules of heat transfer insulation of building is
revised in 1998. So the heat loss came nearly to the same level with European countries not
as low as Germany‟s heat loss level. The number of buildings is nearly 400,000 in 2005 and
the saving energy are totally 1,220,000,000$ after 2000 [165].
Renewable energy supply in Turkey is dominated by hydropower and biomass, but
environmental and scarcity-of-supply concerns have led to a decline in biomass use, mainly
for residential heating. Total renewable energy supply declined from 1990 to 2004, due to a
decrease in biomass supply. As a result, the composition of renewable energy supply has
changed and wind power is beginning to claim market share. As a contributor of air pollution
and deforestation, the share of biomass in the renewable energy share is expected to
decrease with the expansion of other renewable energy sources [25,107].
Turkey spent a total of US$ 120 million (2005 prices and exchange rates) on government
energy RD&D between 1980 and 2005. In this period, 15.6% of its total energy research and
development (R&D) budget (US$ 17.4 million) was allocated to renewable energy.