Blazing New Trails - Connexions

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282 CRITICAL ISSUES IN SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT not making Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) under the No Child Left Behind Act (Illinois State Board of Education: School Report Cards, 2010). In 2009, East St. Louis had a high school graduation rate of 62.1%, compared with the Illinois statewide average of 87.1% (Illinois State Board of Education: School Report Cards, 2010). All high school juniors in Illinois take the ACT examination, which is a college entrance examination. The ACT is administered as a section of the statewide testing program for AYP purposes. Students in East St. Louis had an average composite ACT score of 15.2, compared with a statewide ACT composite of 20.6 in 2009 (Illinois State Board of Education: School Report Cards, 2010). In Cairo, a district under state oversight, the 2009 ACT composite was 16.1 (Illinois State Board of Education: School Report Cards, 2010). RAMIFICATIONS There is no guarantee that increasing school funding for school districts in low-income areas will automatically improve student academic achievement. Indeed, the issue of poor academic achievement among many low-income students may be more related to background experiences, or lack thereof, as opposed to the number of dollars spent on each student in particular schools and school districts (Marzano, 2003; Ravitch, 2010). However, if the districts educating students from lower income homes do not have a level of financing on a par with the wealthier districts, it is highly unlikely that major strides can be made in the improvement of academic achievement. The disparate funding is truly a violation of the ethic of justice, which calls for all students to be given the same baseline of opportunities (Ubben, Hughes, & Norris, 2007). All school districts need to start on a level playing field. There is also some indication that additional funding, such as that allocated in Colorado, may help erase some of the deficits faced by low income students. It appears unlikely that the school funding mechanism will change soon in either Illinois or Colorado. Even if the public school funding system is overturned by the courts in either state, it will then take additional time to devise and implement a replacement system. In the interim, many school districts in lower income areas will continue to operate with less money per students than those in more affluent areas. There are school districts in the U.S. commonly referred to as 90/90/90 school districts (Reeves, 2003). These are schools which have a 90 percent poverty rate, a 90 percent minority enrollment, and a 90 percent academic success rate. In spite of the poverty rate in these 90/90/90 districts, students are still making excellent academic progress. While the inequity of school financing certainly exists in many states in the U.S., and while these disparities are being exacerbated by the economic downturn in the U.S., the students in these economically distressed districts still deserve the best education possible. Until such time as more equitable funding mechanisms can be put into place in the U.S., it is incumbent upon school leaders and school boards to become familiar with and to implement the best practices from the 90/90/90 schools, to the extent possible. Marzano (2003) addressed the best practices in the most effective schools, which includes the 90/90/90 schools in the following prioritized listing: 1. Guaranteed and viable curriculum; 2. Challenging goals and effective feedback; 3. Parent and community involvement; 4. Safe and orderly environment; and 5. Collegiality and professionalism. (p.15)
The Social Justice Implications of the Deteriorating U.S. Economy on Public Schools 283 Waiting for fiscal conditions to change before taking action will be time wasted and will be a disservice to all students, but particularly those in fiscally challenged school districts. REFERENCES Board of Education School District No.1 v. Booth (1999). Boyan, N. (2010). More schools added to Illinois financial watch list. WGN News, March 25, 2010 Carpenter, D. & Kafer, K. (2008). The state of charter schools in Colorado. Colorado Department of Education, Denver, CO. Carr vs. Koch, (2010) Circuit Court of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, filed in Sangamon, County, Illinois. Chicago Urban League, et.al. vs. State of Illinois, et.al. Summary of Cook County Circuit Court’s April 15, 2009 decision, pg. 1. Retrieved May 2, 2010 from http://www.thechicagourbanleague.org/723108201329597/ lib/7232108201329597/CHICAGO-1754130-%20v . Colorado Department of Education, Denver, Co, 113, 121. Retrieved May 21, 2010 from http://www.cde.state.co.us/cdefinance/FY 08-09 RevExp.htm . Colorado Department of Education (2007). Statewide enrollment tops 800,000. Retrieved May 20, 2010 from http://www.cde.state.co.us/Communications /download/PDF/20071220pupilcount.pdf . Committee for Educational Rights vs. Edgar, 672 N.E. 2d 1178 (1996). Comparison of Instructional Expenditures by Location; 2008-2009, Table IIIA (2009). Education Funding Advisory Board. Illinois education funding: A report submitted to the Illinois General Assembly, April 2005. Retrieved May 19, 2010 from http://www.isbe.net/efab/pdf/final_report_4-05.pdf . Education Funding Advisory Board. Recommendations for systemic reform of funding elementary and secondary education in Illinois. Retrieved May 19, 2010 from http://www.isbe.net/efab/archieve/PDFs/ FinalReport1002_recommendations.pdf . Educational Projects in Education Research Center (2008). Quality Counts 2008: Illinois. Essex, N. (2005). School law and the public schools: A practical guide for educational leaders (3 rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson: Allyn & Bacon. Fiscal Analysis of Colorado School Districts (2009). Office of the State Auditor, Denver, CO, 3-5. Retrieved May 21, 2010 from http://www.cde.state.co.is/cdefinance/download/pdf/LocGovFiscalHealthAug2009.pdf . Fritts, J. (2008). Essentials of Illinois school finance: A guide to techniques, issues, and resources (4 th ed.). Springfield, IL: Illinois Association of School Boards. Illinois Constitution of 1970, Article X, Section 1. Illinois Revised Statutes. 105 ILCS 5/18-8.05 (M). Illinois State Board of Education (2010). School Report Cards. Retrieved March 21, 2010 from http://webprod.isbe.net/ereportcard/publicsite/getSearchCriteria.aspx. Illinois State Board of Education. Public School Enrollments. Retrieved May 20, 2010 from www.isbe.state.il.us/research/pdfs/_public_school_enrollment.pdf . ISBE. Funding: General State Aid. Retrieved May 20, 2010 from http://www.isbe.net/funding/gsa.htm. KTVI News (2010). East St. Louis school district making massive cuts. March 26, 2010, Retrieved May 21, 2010 from http://www.fox2now.com/news/ktvi-east-st-louis-school-cuts-032610-story,0,4269264.story . KTVI News (2010). Deep cuts coming to Bethalto, Edwardsville schools. March 22, 2010, p.2. Retrieved May 21, 2010 from http://www.fox2now.com/news/ktvi-bethalto-edwardsville-school-cuts-03310,02247996 Kersten, T. (2009). Taking the mystery out of Illinois school finance (2 nd ed.). Rice University, Houston, TX: Connexions. Retrieved April 17, 2010 from http://cnx.org/content/col/10606/latest/ . Lewis E. vs. Spagnolo, 710 N.E. 2d 798 (1999). Marzano, R. (2003)). What works in schools: Translating research into action. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Ravitch, D. (2010). The death and life of the great American school system: How testing and choice are undermining education. New York: Basic Books. Reeves, D. (2003). High performance in high poverty schools: 90/90/90 and beyond. Cambridge, MA: Center for Performance Assessment. School District Financial Profile (2010). Illinois State Board of Education, Springfield, IL. Retrieved April 20, 2010 from http://www.isbe.net/sfms/P/profile.htm Smith, S. (2008). Illinois School Finance-Financial Projections. A class presentation made in EDAD 510, March 31, 2008.
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20 NCPEA 11 BLAZING NEW TRAILS: Pre
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NCPEA EXECUTIVE BOARD 2010-2011 Pre
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NCPEA HONOR ROLL OF PRESIDENTS, 194
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Contributing Auth
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Betty J. Alford, Stephen F. Austin
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xii Yearbook Reviewers Kenneth Rasm
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INVITED CHAPTERS PART 1
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4 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE (3) The fed
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Shadows and Images II 7 LIVING LEGE
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Shadows and Images II 13 into the m
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18 INVITED CHAPTERS do not recogniz
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