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GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ENGINEERING SATISFACTION BY YEAR IN THE PROGRAM There are a number of reasons to expect gender differences to vary according to year in the program. The WEPAN Climate Pilot study found, for instance, that gender differences regarding the fast pace and heavy workload in engineering classes were smallest for seniors (Brainard, et. al., 1998). On the other hand, Felder et. al. (1995) found that experiences with teamwork became more negative for women over several semesters, whereas their experiences were more positive in the first semester. We therefore were prompted to examine whether gender differences in satisfaction with these various elements of the Rowan program remain constant in the different years of the program. As we have seen above, women’s satisfaction with the program seems to be more related to their experiences in the program, and therefore the variation in their satisfaction over year in the program may reflect how positive or negative these experiences are. 37 37 We should again remember that because at this point we are not examining panel data but cross-sectional data, our analysis of change throughout the program is somewhat limited. We do not follow the change in satisfaction of the same student from one year to the next, but only a comparison of students at different levels at a particular point in time. We can only infer changes over the undergraduate career from the crosssectional differences we find between cohorts at this one point in time. Since almost all of the engineering students started out in this program as first-year students, however, year in the program does reflect for the most part the number of years of exposure to the Rowan program. It does not, however, control for changes in the program that may have occurred at various stages of these years, nor does it take account of differences between cohorts which may affect gender differences indirectly; thus, this analysis is a very rough proxy for more precise measurement of changes over the course of the undergraduate career. The longitudinal study underway will address these concerns. IIE-192
I. Programmatic Elements a-b. Satisfaction with classwork demands (SATCLASS) and choices available (SATCHOICE) In terms of the programmatic elements of both program demands and choices, the gender difference in satisfaction is greater for upper division students, particular for juniors (Figures IIE- 1 and IIE-2). In fact, the gender differences on these factors are not statistically significant among lower division students (t-tests of gender differences among lower division students are not significant for either factor). For both males and females, satisfaction with these aspects of the program is higher at the end of the program than in the earlier years of the program. Among upper division students, females are significantly more favorable in their opinions about these aspects of the program than are males, and the graph shows us that this is especially true during the junior year. Junior males are not as satisfied as first-year males in terms of coursework, and are just as satisfied but not more with regard to the choice factor. In contrast, junior and senior females are much more satisfied with both programmatic aspects than are lower division females. As a result, the gender difference in satisfaction, with females being more satisfied than males, is greatest for the junior year. IIE-193
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A GENDER LENS ON ROWAN UNIVERSITY
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND TO THE
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the program? In particular, how do
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various aspects of the program and
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However, the empowering effect of t
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with the delivery of lab work, team
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The perception of problems for wome
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• Have as high or higher academic
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These are important findings for an
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CHAPTER I-A INTRODUCTION The under-
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incorporate an inclusive pedagogica
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has specifically been advocated as
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affect intellectual identity and ac
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CLIMATE ISSUES DIFFICULT FOR WOMEN
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atmosphere separates students from
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successfully serve as a model for m
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uilt itself up into a full-fledged
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sensitive policy to sophomore year
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work together to continuously creat
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that students, in their exit interv
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presentations convincing to practic
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chapter on campus, which sponsors s
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academic year and their satisfactio
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Additional Information from Univers
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CHAPTER I-D THE ROWAN ENGINEERING S
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The rest of this chapter is based o
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TABLE ID-3 COHORT BY MAJOR (%’s)
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TABLE 1D-4 PERCENTAGE FEMALE IN MAJ
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Academic Achievement The level of a
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TABLE ID-6 PRE-COLLEGE ACADEMIC ACH
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London, 1992). Almost a third of th
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Parental occupations of male studen
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As we have mentioned above, about h
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All of the support items were recod
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science field. Males and females sh
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5) pre-college academic preparation
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program. Other students may opt to
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confidence at the beginning of each
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STUDENT INPUT Family and Socio- Dem
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CHAPTER II-B THE RELATIONSHIP BETWE
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making up this factor, while 22.4%
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(CONF STAY ENG) as the dependent va
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contrary to our expectations, it is
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students is .568, and for all stude
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However, the importance of backgrou
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TABLE IIB-4 MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANA
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oth that they will stay with engine
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The main gender differences through
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CHAPTER II-C ENGINEERING BEHAVIOR A
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grades is statistically significant
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shows us that the impact of both fa
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men’s and their mean GPA in engin
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TABLE IIC-4 ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE BY
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(1) The first type of involvement r
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participation in enrichment activit
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Having a sibling who went to colleg
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These background characteristics ha
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In sum, in terms of enrichment acti
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Table IIC-11 SUPPORT BY FACULTY BY
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For males, living with other scienc
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TABLE IIC-14 PARTICIPATION IN HELP
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primarily the male’s career couns
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Finally, involvement in non-enginee
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The Rowan engineering females fall
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members to have slightly higher GPA
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CHAPTER II-D CHANGES IN ENGINEERING
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However, there is a gender differen
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Considering the possibility that no
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achievement. Academic self-confiden
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While the four self-confidence fact
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We separated our analysis by year i
Page 143 and 144: Similarly, for junior females, a hi
Page 145 and 146: In summary, we can see that over th
Page 147 and 148: in their computer skills and in the
Page 149 and 150: TABLE IID-3 CHANGE IN SELF-CONFIDEN
Page 151 and 152: engineering as the right major for
Page 153 and 154: TABLE IID-5 MEAN GRADE POINT AVERAG
Page 155 and 156: the senior year, we find the larges
Page 157 and 158: The programmatic elements of most i
Page 159 and 160: elated to satisfaction at the end o
Page 161 and 162: The second indicator of satisfactio
Page 163 and 164: of classroom hours”, “are frien
Page 165 and 166: Satisfaction Item TABLE IIE-2 SATIS
Page 167 and 168: Considering high school background
Page 169 and 170: TABLE IIE-5 MULTIPLE CORRELATIONS R
Page 171 and 172: TABLE IIE-6 MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANA
Page 173 and 174: with team work is lowest in the jun
Page 175 and 176: High School Background High school
Page 177 and 178: teams are also more likely to join
Page 179 and 180: Satisfaction Item TABLE IIE-12 SATI
Page 181 and 182: TABLE IIE-14 SATISFACTION WITH INTE
Page 183 and 184: TABLE IIE-16 MULTIPLE REGRESSION AN
Page 185 and 186: course of the academic year. It cou
Page 187 and 188: gender difference are female studen
Page 189 and 190: a. Labwork (SATLAB) There is no gen
Page 191 and 192: TABLE IIE-22 SATISFACTION WITH ENGI
Page 193: indicated that there does not seem
Page 197 and 198: II. Satisfaction with Applied Aspec
Page 199 and 200: administered during the different y
Page 201 and 202: higher among seniors. For both male
Page 203 and 204: TABLE IIE-26 MEAN SATISFACTION WITH
Page 205 and 206: engineering self-confidence was sim
Page 207 and 208: previous research, which suggests t
Page 209 and 210: WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN SWE AND
Page 211 and 212: ole models for engineering in the f
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Page 215 and 216: program do not exhibit poorer pre-c
Page 217 and 218: Cohort beginning year: TABLE IIF-1
Page 219 and 220: Looking at gender differences in re
Page 221 and 222: from the university, or if they had
Page 223 and 224: TABLE IIF-5 ENGINEERING “STAYERS
Page 225 and 226: Leavers were less involved in engin
Page 227 and 228: TABLE IIF-9 ENGINEERING SELF-CONFID
Page 229 and 230: TABLE IIF-11 ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT O
Page 231 and 232: TABLE IIF-13 PARTICIPATION IN ENGIN
Page 233 and 234: TABLE IIF-14 ENGINEERING SELF-CONFI
Page 235 and 236: TABLE IIF-15 SATISFACTION WITH ROWA
Page 237 and 238: Previous research has suggested tha
Page 239 and 240: expected women’s perception of pr
Page 241 and 242: (4) We also expected the perception
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Remember that Rowan students were a
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As standardized factor scores, the
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We also could analyze the perceptio
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TABLE IIG-5 PERCEPTION OF PROBLEMS
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TABLE IIG-7 CHANGE IN PERCEPTION OF
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presumably with an understanding th
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correlations of each of the factors
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the junior female students to perce
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CHANGE IN PERCEPTION OF PROBLEMS OV
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TABLE IIG-13 CHANGE IN PERCEPTION O
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Issue TABLE IIG-14 CHANGE IN PERCEP
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TABLE IIG-17 PERCEPTIONS OF PROBLEM
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CHAPTER II-H COMPARISONS TO OTHER S
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TABLE IIH-1 ENGINEERING SELF-CONFID
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Rowan females are also more involve
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TABLE IIH-3 PARTICIPATION IN SELECT
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females agreed or strongly agreed t
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males vs. 50.0% females); at Rowan,
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Purpose of the Study PART III SUMMA
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Evidence that Rowan’s Program is
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tend to be more satisfied with the
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It is important to note that having
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new program, many changes were inst
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Cunningham, Christine M., Cathy Lac
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Marchese, A. J., Schmalzel, J. L, M
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Tinto, V. 1993. Leaving College: Re
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ENGINEERING STUDENT SURVEY I Dear S
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Family Background 11.What was the h
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29a. Did you ever have a female tea
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40. The statements listed below hav
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Name__________________ Social Secur
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7. During this academic year, how f
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26. From your experience, engineeri
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37. The statements listed below hav
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1. Your background, how long at Row
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APPENDIX B ENGINEERING SELF-CONFIDE
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