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1) engineering self-confidence, which may change from the initial
engineering self-confidence:
2) satisfaction with the program and interpersonal climate during the course
of the program:
3) academic performance;
4) retention at each level of the program.
Outcomes at program’s end include:
1) graduation (or early exit from the program, either for another major,
another college, or dropping out altogether);
2) continuation in graduate studies (in engineering), or
3) employment in the field;
4) engineering self-confidence that they belong in the career and will stay in
it.
Each year students go through another cycle of this process, with the outcomes of
the previous year(s) in the program serving as input factors which interact with student’s
input characteristics (family background, high school background, and initial engineering
self-confidence) and the institutional factors of program and interpersonal climate to
produce year-end outcomes of satisfaction, academic performance, and retention in the
program. These cycles continue until the student reaches the end of the undergraduate
program.
For the majority of the students (as we show below), the final stage of the
undergraduate process is reached at graduation, usually within 4-6 years of beginning the
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