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ackground it is the support of significant others which is related to stronger engineering self-confidence; and in terms of high school background, both high school achievement in math and science and their extra curricular activities in these areas are related to stronger engineering self-confidence. The impact of family and high school background are more important influences on engineering self-confidence in the first year than in sophomore or junior years, but in the senior year the impact of family background is again important. Female students enter Rowan with less confidence that they will stay in engineering and that they have the abilities required in engineering than do males. This gender gap in self-confidence is not generalized to all self-confidence, as women do not show less self- confidence in their overall academic abilities or communication skills. The engineering self-confidence of women is more sensitive to their background influences than that of males, especially among the students with weaker backgrounds. Perhaps because of the greater influence of background influences on their engineering self-confidence, overall, female students have lower engineering self- confidence than male students. It seems that the engineering self-confidence of the female students is lower when background – or outside—influences are stronger (the freshman and senior years). Below we will explore in more detail how engineering self- confidence changes with time in the program. IIB-94
CHAPTER II-C ENGINEERING BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO INPUT CHARACTERISTICS The next step in the student’s progress through engineering is their experience during the academic year. A major part of the student’s experience is their academic performance in classes; there are also a number of extracurricular activities in which they can participate and which are intended to enhance their progress toward becoming an engineer. The first part of this chapter focuses on the student’s academic performance, first showing how first-year students’ grades are related to their input of family and high school background and initial engineering self-confidence. The second part of the chapter focuses on the kinds of activities in which students are involved over the course of the academic year. After describing these activities, we show how entering characteristics affect this engineering behavior for first year students, and how background characteristics continue to affect engineering behavior for all students. We then show how initial engineering self-confidence is related to engineering behavior for first-year students, and how engineering self-confidence is related to engineering behavior for all students. Finally, we show how engineering behavior is related to academic performance, with a particular focus on how participation in the Society for Women Engineers affects the female students’ experiences and performance. ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE Input Characteristics and Academic Performance We begin this section by looking at the academic performance of first-year students and how it is related to their input characteristics of family and high school background and initial IIC-95
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A GENDER LENS ON ROWAN UNIVERSITY
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND TO THE
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the program? In particular, how do
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various aspects of the program and
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However, the empowering effect of t
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with the delivery of lab work, team
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The perception of problems for wome
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• Have as high or higher academic
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These are important findings for an
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CHAPTER I-A INTRODUCTION The under-
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incorporate an inclusive pedagogica
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has specifically been advocated as
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affect intellectual identity and ac
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CLIMATE ISSUES DIFFICULT FOR WOMEN
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atmosphere separates students from
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successfully serve as a model for m
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uilt itself up into a full-fledged
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sensitive policy to sophomore year
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work together to continuously creat
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that students, in their exit interv
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presentations convincing to practic
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chapter on campus, which sponsors s
Page 45 and 46: academic year and their satisfactio
Page 47 and 48: Additional Information from Univers
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER I-D THE ROWAN ENGINEERING S
Page 51 and 52: The rest of this chapter is based o
Page 53 and 54: TABLE ID-3 COHORT BY MAJOR (%’s)
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1D-4 PERCENTAGE FEMALE IN MAJ
Page 57 and 58: Academic Achievement The level of a
Page 59 and 60: TABLE ID-6 PRE-COLLEGE ACADEMIC ACH
Page 61 and 62: London, 1992). Almost a third of th
Page 63 and 64: Parental occupations of male studen
Page 65 and 66: As we have mentioned above, about h
Page 67 and 68: All of the support items were recod
Page 69 and 70: science field. Males and females sh
Page 71 and 72: 5) pre-college academic preparation
Page 73 and 74: program. Other students may opt to
Page 75 and 76: confidence at the beginning of each
Page 77 and 78: STUDENT INPUT Family and Socio- Dem
Page 79 and 80: CHAPTER II-B THE RELATIONSHIP BETWE
Page 81 and 82: making up this factor, while 22.4%
Page 83 and 84: (CONF STAY ENG) as the dependent va
Page 85 and 86: contrary to our expectations, it is
Page 87 and 88: students is .568, and for all stude
Page 89 and 90: However, the importance of backgrou
Page 91 and 92: TABLE IIB-4 MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANA
Page 93 and 94: oth that they will stay with engine
Page 95: The main gender differences through
Page 99 and 100: grades is statistically significant
Page 101 and 102: shows us that the impact of both fa
Page 103 and 104: men’s and their mean GPA in engin
Page 105 and 106: TABLE IIC-4 ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE BY
Page 107 and 108: (1) The first type of involvement r
Page 109 and 110: participation in enrichment activit
Page 111 and 112: Having a sibling who went to colleg
Page 113 and 114: These background characteristics ha
Page 115 and 116: In sum, in terms of enrichment acti
Page 117 and 118: Table IIC-11 SUPPORT BY FACULTY BY
Page 119 and 120: For males, living with other scienc
Page 121 and 122: TABLE IIC-14 PARTICIPATION IN HELP
Page 123 and 124: primarily the male’s career couns
Page 125 and 126: Finally, involvement in non-enginee
Page 127 and 128: The Rowan engineering females fall
Page 129 and 130: members to have slightly higher GPA
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER II-D CHANGES IN ENGINEERING
Page 133 and 134: However, there is a gender differen
Page 135 and 136: Considering the possibility that no
Page 137 and 138: achievement. Academic self-confiden
Page 139 and 140: While the four self-confidence fact
Page 141 and 142: We separated our analysis by year i
Page 143 and 144: Similarly, for junior females, a hi
Page 145 and 146: In summary, we can see that over th
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in their computer skills and in the
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TABLE IID-3 CHANGE IN SELF-CONFIDEN
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engineering as the right major for
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TABLE IID-5 MEAN GRADE POINT AVERAG
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the senior year, we find the larges
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The programmatic elements of most i
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elated to satisfaction at the end o
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The second indicator of satisfactio
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of classroom hours”, “are frien
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Satisfaction Item TABLE IIE-2 SATIS
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Considering high school background
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TABLE IIE-5 MULTIPLE CORRELATIONS R
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TABLE IIE-6 MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANA
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with team work is lowest in the jun
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High School Background High school
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teams are also more likely to join
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Satisfaction Item TABLE IIE-12 SATI
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TABLE IIE-14 SATISFACTION WITH INTE
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TABLE IIE-16 MULTIPLE REGRESSION AN
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course of the academic year. It cou
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gender difference are female studen
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a. Labwork (SATLAB) There is no gen
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TABLE IIE-22 SATISFACTION WITH ENGI
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indicated that there does not seem
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I. Programmatic Elements a-b. Satis
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II. Satisfaction with Applied Aspec
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administered during the different y
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higher among seniors. For both male
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TABLE IIE-26 MEAN SATISFACTION WITH
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engineering self-confidence was sim
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previous research, which suggests t
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WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN SWE AND
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ole models for engineering in the f
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difference in satisfaction with the
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program do not exhibit poorer pre-c
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Cohort beginning year: TABLE IIF-1
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Looking at gender differences in re
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from the university, or if they had
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TABLE IIF-5 ENGINEERING “STAYERS
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Leavers were less involved in engin
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TABLE IIF-9 ENGINEERING SELF-CONFID
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TABLE IIF-11 ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT O
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TABLE IIF-13 PARTICIPATION IN ENGIN
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TABLE IIF-14 ENGINEERING SELF-CONFI
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TABLE IIF-15 SATISFACTION WITH ROWA
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Previous research has suggested tha
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expected women’s perception of pr
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(4) We also expected the perception
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I’ll get hired somewhere.” Whil
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Remember that Rowan students were a
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As standardized factor scores, the
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We also could analyze the perceptio
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TABLE IIG-5 PERCEPTION OF PROBLEMS
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TABLE IIG-7 CHANGE IN PERCEPTION OF
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presumably with an understanding th
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correlations of each of the factors
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the junior female students to perce
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CHANGE IN PERCEPTION OF PROBLEMS OV
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TABLE IIG-13 CHANGE IN PERCEPTION O
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Issue TABLE IIG-14 CHANGE IN PERCEP
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TABLE IIG-17 PERCEPTIONS OF PROBLEM
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CHAPTER II-H COMPARISONS TO OTHER S
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TABLE IIH-1 ENGINEERING SELF-CONFID
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Rowan females are also more involve
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TABLE IIH-3 PARTICIPATION IN SELECT
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females agreed or strongly agreed t
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males vs. 50.0% females); at Rowan,
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Purpose of the Study PART III SUMMA
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Evidence that Rowan’s Program is
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tend to be more satisfied with the
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It is important to note that having
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new program, many changes were inst
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Cunningham, Christine M., Cathy Lac
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Marchese, A. J., Schmalzel, J. L, M
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Tinto, V. 1993. Leaving College: Re
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ENGINEERING STUDENT SURVEY I Dear S
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Family Background 11.What was the h
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29a. Did you ever have a female tea
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40. The statements listed below hav
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Name__________________ Social Secur
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7. During this academic year, how f
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26. From your experience, engineeri
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37. The statements listed below hav
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1. Your background, how long at Row
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APPENDIX B ENGINEERING SELF-CONFIDE
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