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User’s Manual.” Technical Report CMU-CMT-88-MEMO, Center for Machine Translation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. Woszczyna, M. et al. (1993). “Recent Advances in JANUS: A Speech Translation System.” Proceedings of Eurospeech-1993, Berlin. 224
Computing Non-Concatenative Morphology: The Case of Georgian 1 225 Olga Gurevich Georgian (Kartvelian) is a less commonly studied language, with a complex, non- concatenative verbal morphology. This paper examines characteristics of Georgian that make it a challenge for language learners and for current approaches to computational morphology. We present a computational model for generation and recognition of Georgian verb conjugations, and describe one practical application of the model to help language learners. 1. Introduction Georgian (Kartvelian) is the official language of the Republic of Georgia and claims about 4 million native speakers. Georgian morphology is largely synthetic, with complex verb forms that can often express the meaning of a whole sentence. Georgian has sometimes been called agglutinative (Hewitt 1995), but such classification does not fully describe the complexity of the language. Descriptions of Georgian verbal morphology emphasise the large number of inflectional categories, the large number of elements that a verb form can contain, the dependencies between the occurrence of various elements, and the large number of regular, semi-regular, and irregular patterns of formation of verb inflections. All of these factors make computational modeling of Georgian morphology a rather daunting task. To date, no successful large-scale models of parsing or generation of Georgian are available. In this paper, I propose a computational model for parsing and generation of a subset of Georgian verbal morphology that relies on a templatic, word-based analysis of the verbal system, rather than assuming compositional rules for combining individual morphemes. I argue that such a model is viable, extensible, and capable of capturing the generalisations inherent in Georgian verbal morphology at various levels of regularity. 1 This research was in part supported by the Berkeley Language Center. Thanks to Mark Kaiser, Claire Kramsch, Lisa Little, Nikolas Euba, David Malinowski, and Sarah Roberts for many hours of productive discussion and wonderful suggestions, and to Aaron Siegel for technical support. I am eternally grateful to Vakhtang Chikovani and Shorena Kurtsikidze for help in creating the website, and for introducing me to Georgian. I alone am to blame for any errors and omissions.
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LULCL 2005 Proceedings of the Lesse
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Bestellungen bei: Europäische Akad
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Computing Non-Concatenative Morphol
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such as German in this special case
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The contributions underline the sig
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unumschränkte Verkehrs- und Verwal
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Nun gilt es zu erklären, wie die S
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Adjektive auf -abel, -ibel, -aivel,
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überzeugenden Vorschlägen auf der
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höheren Transparenz und der Nähe
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sie zu verwenden; gezwungen wird er
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einer sprachpolitischen Förderung
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26 Bibliographie Ascoli, G.I. (1880
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Implementing NLP-Projects for Small
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• Small Languages Shouldn't Do So
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impossible to evaluate. Young resea
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esearch results available as free s
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Parallel corpora of Orwell’s 1984
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data would already have been lost (
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on local players only? A policy for
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“Traitement automatique des langu
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lingua nel modo in cui essa viene e
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Il SDC, data la totale assenza di a
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• l’annotazione linguistica, ch
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La header sarà esterna al CesDoc
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• nelle posizioni da 1 a n i valo
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Cfr. tabella 24 in appendice. 2.4 L
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SP su su Sp- SP stadiu stad
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3. Conclusioni In questo articolo a
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Ide, N. (2004). “Preparation and
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Tabella 1: Codici per le parti del
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Vaii3s- VAS3II hiat, fiat Vaii1p- V
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Vmg----a VMGA tzerriendidda Vmg----
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Tabella 9: e per la categoria “
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Tabella 11: e per la categoria
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Tabella 17: e per la categoria “
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The Relevance of Lesser-Used Langua
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(better known as the ‘short Cimbr
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(2) Haute die Mome hat gekoaft die
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(14b) ’az se nette ghenan vüar 3
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what-he says (30) ben-ig-en nox vin
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• No cases of proclisis to the in
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Second, syntactic change does not p
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91 Abbreviations Cat.1602 Cimbrian
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cimbra del XVI secolo. Final essay
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sincronica proiettata nella diacron
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Creating Word Class Tagged Corpora
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2b bo+ bomalome uncles 3 mo- monwan
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Table 4: Alternatives in Tagging th
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• Nouns and verbs can be guessed
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Tag category: Common noun, singular
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3.4 Verb Guesser In Table 3 above,
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Table 8: Sample Results of Noun Gue
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potential word class features. This
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and Bantu languages in general. It
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Poulos, G. & Louwrens, L.J. (1994).
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are available for these languages,
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demonstrative pronoun ba, preceding
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These different writing systems imp
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At this stage, it is important to n
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Concerning the tags used in the abo
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Figure 4: Multi-level Approach Towa
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6. Conclusion and Future Work In th
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Grammar-based Language Technology f
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Figure 1: Morphological Analysis of
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3.1 Choosing Between a ‘Top-down
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It goes without saying that we use
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Figure 4: Quote from cvs Log Using
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• We have made a project-internal
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others. By doing this, we hope that
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Karttunen, L., Kaplan, R.M. & Zaene
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academia, health, social services a
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home help (of service) cymorth cart
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4.2 Implementing TMF: a Simple Firs
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categories into the TBX structure w
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home help entryTerm singular hom
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Table 3: An Example Entry in the Te
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“ 16
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as WordFast. Cysgeir supports loadi
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Ultimately, the same structure and
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168 References “Cronfa Genedlaeth
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SpeechCluster: A Speech Data Multit
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Page 175 and 176: Table 1: SpeechCluster command-line
Page 177 and 178: This task is a minor inconvenience
Page 179 and 180: esearcher/developers are able to us
Page 181 and 182: Line Code Fig. 2 Table 9: segfake i
Page 183 and 184: charge, and the models generated ca
Page 185 and 186: segFake’d training data with the
Page 187 and 188: 187 References Black, A. W., Taylor
Page 189 and 190: XNLRDF: The Open Source Framework f
Page 191 and 192: categories are: the orthography, th
Page 193 and 194: 2.1 Unicode and Characters: Upperca
Page 195 and 196: • The resource is not directly ac
Page 197 and 198: esource and the access to the resou
Page 199 and 200: 5.2 The Names of Metadata Categorie
Page 201 and 202: Plate 4: A writing system (Thai) re
Page 203 and 204: 7. Status of the Project and Future
Page 205 and 206: Writing Standard Sometimes the same
Page 207: language-archives.org/documents/ove
Page 210 and 211: of Cultures in Barcelona (with a ve
Page 212 and 213: 3. Evaluation The evaluation perfor
Page 214 and 215: OK 1.19% 7.14% OK- 0% 5.96% Unaccep
Page 216 and 217: a price, asking for information abo
Page 218 and 219: 4.3 Formality Feature In Catalan an
Page 220 and 221: SPA: Calle Pelayo SPA/CAT: Calle Pe
Page 222 and 223: Catalan. In each case, we described
Page 226 and 227: I begin with a brief overview of Ge
Page 228 and 229: • Scr - Screeve marker. This is a
Page 230 and 231: In many cases, the inflectional end
Page 232 and 233: “The man paints / is painting the
Page 234 and 235: • Lexical class-dependent screeve
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Page 238 and 239: 4.3 Level 2: Semi-regular Patterns
Page 240 and 241: substitute the appropriate roots in
Page 242 and 243: • Several types of exercises are
Page 244 and 245: 244 References Anderson, S.R. (1992
Page 247 and 248: The Igbo Language and Computer Ling
Page 249 and 250: The overall conclusion from this ov
Page 251 and 252: 2.2 The Computer Phase The computer
Page 253 and 254: product on the grounds that Alt-I c
Page 255 and 256: These programs are relatively theor
Page 257 and 258: In its Dataset component, the progr
Page 259 and 260: Figure 8: A Word Without Subdots in
Page 261 and 262: simply used the German umlauted vow
Page 263 and 264: 263 References Adegbola, T. (2003).
Page 265 and 266: Annotation of Documents for Electro
Page 267 and 268: electronic corpora, regardless of w
Page 269 and 270: writing of Hebrew represented the o
Page 271 and 272: 3.2 Automatic Generation of Electro
Page 273 and 274: There are two types of annotations:
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inspired by the relational model is
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In the context of this particular t
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Pédauque, R.T. (2003). “Document
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Il ladino fra polinomia e standardi
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Vocabolar todësch - ladin (Val Bad
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persone che si trovano a dover scri
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Fig. 6: Esempio di scheda di lemma
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2.4 I corpora elettronici Nell’am
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installazione automatica e di guida
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293 Bibliografia Bortolotti, E. & R
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Schmid, H. (2000). Criteri per la f
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del progetto sono effettivamente ri
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Oltre all’indubbio valore storico
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Questo tipo di attestazioni compren
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caso che, successivamente, lo spogl
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Stealth Learning with an Online Dog
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Figure 1: Colin and Cumberland - Th
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• Closed Pos croeseiriau (crosswo
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Mutations never occur in words when
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} } } { } if (word[x-1] == ‘N’)
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Figure 2: Screenshot showing Dic Pe
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In programming terms, this is done
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The old know, the young suppose A
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Figure 7: Pos Croeseiriau Screensho
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8. Results Figure 7: Screenshot of
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“Archif Melville Richards Histori
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Victoria Arranz (& Elisabet Comelle
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Luca Panieri Il progetto “Zimbarb
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Grammar-based language technology f
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Gruffudd Prys Language Technologies
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