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Tomaselli, A. (2004). “Il cimbro come laboratorio d’analisi per la variazione linguistica in diacronia e sincronia.” Quaderni di lingue e letterature 28, Supplemento: Variis Linguis: Studi offerti a Elio Mosele in occasione del suo settantesimo compleanno, 533–549. Tortora, C.M. (1997). “I Pronomi Interrogativi in Borgomanerese.” Benincà, P. & Poletto, C. (eds) (1997). Quaderni di Lavoro dell ASIS (Atlante Sintattico Italia Settentrionale): Strutture Interrogative dell Italia Settentrionale. Padova: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 83-88. Vicentini, R. (1993). Il dialetto cimbro di Luserna: analisi di alcuni fenomeni linguistici. Final essay for the degree “Laureat in Modern Languages and Literature.” Unpublished Essay, University of Trento. 96
Creating Word Class Tagged Corpora for Northern Sotho by Linguistically Informed Bootstrapping Danie J. Prinsloo and Ulrich Heid To bootstrap tagging resources (tagger lexicon and training corpus) for Northern Sotho, a tagset and a number of modular and reusable corpus processing tools are being developed. This article describes the tagset and routines for identifying verbs and nouns, and for disambiguating closed class items. All of these are based on morphological and morphosyntactic specificities of Northern Sotho. 1. Introduction In this paper, we report on ongoing work towards the parallel creation of computational linguistic resources for Northern Sotho, on the basis of linguistic knowledge about the language. Northern Sotho is one of the eleven official languages of South Africa, spoken by about 4.2 million speakers in the northeastern part of the country. It belongs to the Sotho family of the Bantu languages (S32), (Guthrie 1971). The three Sotho languages are closely related. The creation of Natural Language Processing (NLP) resources is part of an effort towards an infrastructure for corpus linguistics and computational lexicography and terminology for Northern Sotho, which is seen as an element of a broader action for the development of Human Language Technology (HLT) and NLP applications for the South African languages. Parallel resource creation has been attempted as part of our research and development agenda in order to speed up the resource building process, in the sense of rapid prototyping of a part-of-speech (=POS) tagset; a tagger lexicon and (manually corrected) reference corpus; and a statistical tagger. These constitute the first set of corpus linguistic tools to be developed (we report on the first three tools here). At the same time, we intend to verify to what extent ‘traditional’ corpus linguistic methods and tools (as used for European languages) can be applied to a Bantu language-- an attempt that, to our knowledge, has not been made before. Two text corpora are used as input to the study. The first is a 43,000 tokens corpus, a selection from the Northern Sotho novel Tša ka Mafuri (Matsepe 1974), and the second is the Pretoria Sepedi Corpus (PSC) of 6 million tokens, a collection of 327 97
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LULCL 2005 Proceedings of the Lesse
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Bestellungen bei: Europäische Akad
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Computing Non-Concatenative Morphol
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such as German in this special case
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The contributions underline the sig
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unumschränkte Verkehrs- und Verwal
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Nun gilt es zu erklären, wie die S
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Adjektive auf -abel, -ibel, -aivel,
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überzeugenden Vorschlägen auf der
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höheren Transparenz und der Nähe
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sie zu verwenden; gezwungen wird er
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einer sprachpolitischen Förderung
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26 Bibliographie Ascoli, G.I. (1880
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Implementing NLP-Projects for Small
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• Small Languages Shouldn't Do So
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impossible to evaluate. Young resea
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esearch results available as free s
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Parallel corpora of Orwell’s 1984
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data would already have been lost (
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on local players only? A policy for
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“Traitement automatique des langu
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Page 48 and 49: Il SDC, data la totale assenza di a
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Page 52 and 53: La header sarà esterna al CesDoc
Page 54 and 55: • nelle posizioni da 1 a n i valo
Page 56 and 57: Cfr. tabella 24 in appendice. 2.4 L
Page 58 and 59: SP su su Sp- SP stadiu stad
Page 60 and 61: 3. Conclusioni In questo articolo a
Page 62 and 63: Ide, N. (2004). “Preparation and
Page 64 and 65: Tabella 1: Codici per le parti del
Page 66 and 67: Vaii3s- VAS3II hiat, fiat Vaii1p- V
Page 68 and 69: Vmg----a VMGA tzerriendidda Vmg----
Page 70 and 71: Tabella 9: e per la categoria “
Page 72 and 73: Tabella 11: e per la categoria
Page 74 and 75: Tabella 17: e per la categoria “
Page 77 and 78: The Relevance of Lesser-Used Langua
Page 79 and 80: (better known as the ‘short Cimbr
Page 81 and 82: (2) Haute die Mome hat gekoaft die
Page 83 and 84: (14b) ’az se nette ghenan vüar 3
Page 85 and 86: what-he says (30) ben-ig-en nox vin
Page 87 and 88: • No cases of proclisis to the in
Page 89 and 90: Second, syntactic change does not p
Page 91 and 92: 91 Abbreviations Cat.1602 Cimbrian
Page 93 and 94: cimbra del XVI secolo. Final essay
Page 95: sincronica proiettata nella diacron
Page 99 and 100: 2b bo+ bomalome uncles 3 mo- monwan
Page 101 and 102: Table 4: Alternatives in Tagging th
Page 103 and 104: • Nouns and verbs can be guessed
Page 105 and 106: Tag category: Common noun, singular
Page 107 and 108: 3.4 Verb Guesser In Table 3 above,
Page 109 and 110: Table 8: Sample Results of Noun Gue
Page 111 and 112: potential word class features. This
Page 113 and 114: and Bantu languages in general. It
Page 115: Poulos, G. & Louwrens, L.J. (1994).
Page 118 and 119: are available for these languages,
Page 120 and 121: demonstrative pronoun ba, preceding
Page 122 and 123: These different writing systems imp
Page 124 and 125: At this stage, it is important to n
Page 126 and 127: Concerning the tags used in the abo
Page 128 and 129: Figure 4: Multi-level Approach Towa
Page 130 and 131: 6. Conclusion and Future Work In th
Page 133 and 134: Grammar-based Language Technology f
Page 135 and 136: Figure 1: Morphological Analysis of
Page 137 and 138: 3.1 Choosing Between a ‘Top-down
Page 139 and 140: It goes without saying that we use
Page 141 and 142: Figure 4: Quote from cvs Log Using
Page 143 and 144: • We have made a project-internal
Page 145 and 146: others. By doing this, we hope that
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Karttunen, L., Kaplan, R.M. & Zaene
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academia, health, social services a
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home help (of service) cymorth cart
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4.2 Implementing TMF: a Simple Firs
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categories into the TBX structure w
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home help entryTerm singular hom
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Table 3: An Example Entry in the Te
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“ 16
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as WordFast. Cysgeir supports loadi
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Ultimately, the same structure and
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168 References “Cronfa Genedlaeth
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SpeechCluster: A Speech Data Multit
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that can be used by external develo
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Table 1: SpeechCluster command-line
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This task is a minor inconvenience
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esearcher/developers are able to us
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Line Code Fig. 2 Table 9: segfake i
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charge, and the models generated ca
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segFake’d training data with the
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187 References Black, A. W., Taylor
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XNLRDF: The Open Source Framework f
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categories are: the orthography, th
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2.1 Unicode and Characters: Upperca
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• The resource is not directly ac
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esource and the access to the resou
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5.2 The Names of Metadata Categorie
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Plate 4: A writing system (Thai) re
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7. Status of the Project and Future
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Writing Standard Sometimes the same
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language-archives.org/documents/ove
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of Cultures in Barcelona (with a ve
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3. Evaluation The evaluation perfor
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OK 1.19% 7.14% OK- 0% 5.96% Unaccep
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a price, asking for information abo
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4.3 Formality Feature In Catalan an
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SPA: Calle Pelayo SPA/CAT: Calle Pe
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Catalan. In each case, we described
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User’s Manual.” Technical Repor
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I begin with a brief overview of Ge
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• Scr - Screeve marker. This is a
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In many cases, the inflectional end
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“The man paints / is painting the
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• Lexical class-dependent screeve
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verbs whose lexical information is
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4.3 Level 2: Semi-regular Patterns
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substitute the appropriate roots in
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• Several types of exercises are
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244 References Anderson, S.R. (1992
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The Igbo Language and Computer Ling
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The overall conclusion from this ov
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2.2 The Computer Phase The computer
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product on the grounds that Alt-I c
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These programs are relatively theor
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In its Dataset component, the progr
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Figure 8: A Word Without Subdots in
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simply used the German umlauted vow
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263 References Adegbola, T. (2003).
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Annotation of Documents for Electro
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electronic corpora, regardless of w
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writing of Hebrew represented the o
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3.2 Automatic Generation of Electro
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There are two types of annotations:
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inspired by the relational model is
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In the context of this particular t
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Pédauque, R.T. (2003). “Document
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Il ladino fra polinomia e standardi
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Vocabolar todësch - ladin (Val Bad
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persone che si trovano a dover scri
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Fig. 6: Esempio di scheda di lemma
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2.4 I corpora elettronici Nell’am
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installazione automatica e di guida
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293 Bibliografia Bortolotti, E. & R
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Schmid, H. (2000). Criteri per la f
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del progetto sono effettivamente ri
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Oltre all’indubbio valore storico
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Questo tipo di attestazioni compren
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caso che, successivamente, lo spogl
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Stealth Learning with an Online Dog
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Figure 1: Colin and Cumberland - Th
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• Closed Pos croeseiriau (crosswo
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Mutations never occur in words when
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} } } { } if (word[x-1] == ‘N’)
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Figure 2: Screenshot showing Dic Pe
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In programming terms, this is done
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The old know, the young suppose A
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Figure 7: Pos Croeseiriau Screensho
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8. Results Figure 7: Screenshot of
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“Archif Melville Richards Histori
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Victoria Arranz (& Elisabet Comelle
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Luca Panieri Il progetto “Zimbarb
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Grammar-based language technology f
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Gruffudd Prys Language Technologies
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