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The position of the inflected verb in Cimbrian is neither the one found in V2 language (within the CP domain), nor the lower one found in modern Romance (within the IP domain). The syntax of clitics suggests that, in Cimbrian, the inflected verb moves to a position inside the clitic layer in the high IP (corresponding to the traditional WP), and precisely to the left of clitic elements both in main and embedded declarative clauses. 71 If this theoretical description proves to be tenable, we are now in the position to speculate about a possible explanation. 4. A New Theoretical Correlation ‘Visible’ in Cimbrian A further interesting field to explore has to do with the theoretical reason why Cimbrian could not develop a Romance clitic syntax. In other words, there must have been some restriction constraining the speakers to maintain enclisis. A striking difference between the neighbouring Romance dialects and Cimbrian is the past participle agreement phenomenon. Past participle agreement is mandatory (at least for some object clitics) in Northern Italian dialects (cf. 53), while it is completely absent in Cimbrian. The morphological structure of the Cimbrian past participle has simply preserved the invariant German model, that is, ge- … -t, (cf. 54): (53) (A) so k’el papá li ga visti I know that the father them-has seen (54) I woas ke der Tatta hatze (net) gekoaft (Luserna) I know that the father has-her (not) bought The existence of past participle agreement is usually analysed in the relevant literature as involving an agreement projection (AgrOP) to which both the object clitic and the verb move; the configuration of spec-head agreement between the two triggers the ‘passage’ of the number and gender features of the clitic onto the verb yielding agreement on the past participle (see Kayne 1991 and 1993). We believe that it is the presence of this lower agreement projection that is related to the possibility of having proclisis in Romance, and its absence that constrains Cimbrian to enclisis to the inflected verb. In Cimbrian, the clitic element moves directly to the higher clitic position (within the IP domain), while in Romance, this movement is always in two steps, the first being movement to the lower AgrO projection. In favour of this assumption is the fact that Cimbrian, like all other Germanic varieties, never showed past participle agreement of the Romance type. 71 As we have already noted, the same is true for embedded interrogatives in Roana, while in Luserna, the verb is probably located lower in embedded interrogatives and relative clauses, leaving the clitic in WP alone. 90
91 Abbreviations Cat.1602 Cimbrian Catechism of 1602 (cf. Meid 1985a) Cat.1813 Cimbrian Catechism of 1813 (cf. Meid 1985b) DP Determiner Phrase NP Nominal Phrase Vinfl Inflected Verb Vpast part. Participle Past Verb Wh (interrogative element) XP X-phrase
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LULCL 2005 Proceedings of the Lesse
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Bestellungen bei: Europäische Akad
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Computing Non-Concatenative Morphol
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such as German in this special case
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The contributions underline the sig
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unumschränkte Verkehrs- und Verwal
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Nun gilt es zu erklären, wie die S
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Adjektive auf -abel, -ibel, -aivel,
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überzeugenden Vorschlägen auf der
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höheren Transparenz und der Nähe
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sie zu verwenden; gezwungen wird er
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einer sprachpolitischen Förderung
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26 Bibliographie Ascoli, G.I. (1880
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Implementing NLP-Projects for Small
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• Small Languages Shouldn't Do So
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impossible to evaluate. Young resea
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esearch results available as free s
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Parallel corpora of Orwell’s 1984
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Page 54 and 55: • nelle posizioni da 1 a n i valo
Page 56 and 57: Cfr. tabella 24 in appendice. 2.4 L
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Page 60 and 61: 3. Conclusioni In questo articolo a
Page 62 and 63: Ide, N. (2004). “Preparation and
Page 64 and 65: Tabella 1: Codici per le parti del
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Page 70 and 71: Tabella 9: e per la categoria “
Page 72 and 73: Tabella 11: e per la categoria
Page 74 and 75: Tabella 17: e per la categoria “
Page 77 and 78: The Relevance of Lesser-Used Langua
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Page 81 and 82: (2) Haute die Mome hat gekoaft die
Page 83 and 84: (14b) ’az se nette ghenan vüar 3
Page 85 and 86: what-he says (30) ben-ig-en nox vin
Page 87 and 88: • No cases of proclisis to the in
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Page 93 and 94: cimbra del XVI secolo. Final essay
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Page 97 and 98: Creating Word Class Tagged Corpora
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Page 101 and 102: Table 4: Alternatives in Tagging th
Page 103 and 104: • Nouns and verbs can be guessed
Page 105 and 106: Tag category: Common noun, singular
Page 107 and 108: 3.4 Verb Guesser In Table 3 above,
Page 109 and 110: Table 8: Sample Results of Noun Gue
Page 111 and 112: potential word class features. This
Page 113 and 114: and Bantu languages in general. It
Page 115: Poulos, G. & Louwrens, L.J. (1994).
Page 118 and 119: are available for these languages,
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Page 122 and 123: These different writing systems imp
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Page 126 and 127: Concerning the tags used in the abo
Page 128 and 129: Figure 4: Multi-level Approach Towa
Page 130 and 131: 6. Conclusion and Future Work In th
Page 133 and 134: Grammar-based Language Technology f
Page 135 and 136: Figure 1: Morphological Analysis of
Page 137 and 138: 3.1 Choosing Between a ‘Top-down
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Figure 4: Quote from cvs Log Using
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• We have made a project-internal
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others. By doing this, we hope that
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Karttunen, L., Kaplan, R.M. & Zaene
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academia, health, social services a
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home help (of service) cymorth cart
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4.2 Implementing TMF: a Simple Firs
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categories into the TBX structure w
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home help entryTerm singular hom
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Table 3: An Example Entry in the Te
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“ 16
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as WordFast. Cysgeir supports loadi
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Ultimately, the same structure and
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168 References “Cronfa Genedlaeth
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SpeechCluster: A Speech Data Multit
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that can be used by external develo
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Table 1: SpeechCluster command-line
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This task is a minor inconvenience
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esearcher/developers are able to us
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Line Code Fig. 2 Table 9: segfake i
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charge, and the models generated ca
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segFake’d training data with the
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187 References Black, A. W., Taylor
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XNLRDF: The Open Source Framework f
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categories are: the orthography, th
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2.1 Unicode and Characters: Upperca
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• The resource is not directly ac
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esource and the access to the resou
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5.2 The Names of Metadata Categorie
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Plate 4: A writing system (Thai) re
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7. Status of the Project and Future
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Writing Standard Sometimes the same
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language-archives.org/documents/ove
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of Cultures in Barcelona (with a ve
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3. Evaluation The evaluation perfor
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OK 1.19% 7.14% OK- 0% 5.96% Unaccep
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a price, asking for information abo
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4.3 Formality Feature In Catalan an
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SPA: Calle Pelayo SPA/CAT: Calle Pe
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Catalan. In each case, we described
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User’s Manual.” Technical Repor
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I begin with a brief overview of Ge
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• Scr - Screeve marker. This is a
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In many cases, the inflectional end
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“The man paints / is painting the
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• Lexical class-dependent screeve
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verbs whose lexical information is
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4.3 Level 2: Semi-regular Patterns
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substitute the appropriate roots in
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• Several types of exercises are
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244 References Anderson, S.R. (1992
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The Igbo Language and Computer Ling
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The overall conclusion from this ov
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2.2 The Computer Phase The computer
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product on the grounds that Alt-I c
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These programs are relatively theor
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In its Dataset component, the progr
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Figure 8: A Word Without Subdots in
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simply used the German umlauted vow
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263 References Adegbola, T. (2003).
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Annotation of Documents for Electro
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electronic corpora, regardless of w
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writing of Hebrew represented the o
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3.2 Automatic Generation of Electro
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There are two types of annotations:
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inspired by the relational model is
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In the context of this particular t
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Pédauque, R.T. (2003). “Document
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Il ladino fra polinomia e standardi
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Vocabolar todësch - ladin (Val Bad
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persone che si trovano a dover scri
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Fig. 6: Esempio di scheda di lemma
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2.4 I corpora elettronici Nell’am
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installazione automatica e di guida
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293 Bibliografia Bortolotti, E. & R
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Schmid, H. (2000). Criteri per la f
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del progetto sono effettivamente ri
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Oltre all’indubbio valore storico
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Questo tipo di attestazioni compren
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caso che, successivamente, lo spogl
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Stealth Learning with an Online Dog
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Figure 1: Colin and Cumberland - Th
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• Closed Pos croeseiriau (crosswo
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Mutations never occur in words when
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} } } { } if (word[x-1] == ‘N’)
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Figure 2: Screenshot showing Dic Pe
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In programming terms, this is done
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The old know, the young suppose A
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Figure 7: Pos Croeseiriau Screensho
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8. Results Figure 7: Screenshot of
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“Archif Melville Richards Histori
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Victoria Arranz (& Elisabet Comelle
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Luca Panieri Il progetto “Zimbarb
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Grammar-based language technology f
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Gruffudd Prys Language Technologies
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