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3. Conclusioni In questo articolo abbiamo mostrato, attraverso un case study, le problematiche relative all’applicazione della linguistica dei corpora a lingue minoritarie e non standardizzate. Mi pare quindi che si possano trarre alcune considerazioni più generali applicabili a gran parte delle lingue minoritarie. Innanzi tutto, il lavoro da fare, in casi come quello del sardo, è a più livelli dalla progettazione del corpus, alla raccolta, all’etichettatura dei dati. L’imponenza dell’opera si accompagna alla necessità di accelerare i tempi nel caso di varietà particolarmente a rischio di estinzione. In secondo luogo, in caso di varietà non standardizzate, si pone, come abbiamo visto, il problema della codifica dei dati. La scelta qui operata, vale a dire di un corpus articolato in sotto-macro-varietà, mi sembra possa essere un buon compromesso tra la necessità di standardizzazione da un lato e il mantenimento delle differenziazioni dall’altro. Ciò che è assolutamente necessario è invece il raggiungimento di una standardizzazione dal punto di vista ortografico. Infine, l’annotazione per parti del discorso può essere particolarmente utile per la creazione di grammatiche basate sull’uso. Nel caso del sardo, ad esempio, la presenza di una lingua dominante come l’italiano, con una ricca tradizione letteraria e grammaticale, può influenzare i giudizi di grammaticalità dei parlanti, inficiando in alcuni casi i dati raccolti. Mi pare quindi che, in base a tutte queste riflessioni, la progettazione e lo sviluppo di corpora per le lingue minoritarie debbano assumere un ruolo prioritario in progetti di salvaguardia e politica linguistica. Ringraziamenti Ringrazio Andrea Sansò per aver letto con attenzione il manoscritto. 60
61 Bibliografia Ball, C. (1994). Concordances and corpora for classroom and research. <strong>Online</strong> at http://www.georgetown.edu/cball/corpora/tutorial.html. Bel, N. & Aguilar A. (1994). Proposal for Morphosyntactic encoding: Application to Spanish, Barcelona. Blasco Ferrer, E. (1986). La lingua sarda contemporanea. Cagliari: Edizioni della Torre. Calaresu, E. (2002). “Alcune riflessioni sulla LSU (Limba Sarda Unificada).” Orioles, V. (a cura di), La legislazione nazionale sulle minoranze linguistiche. Problemi, applicazioni, prospettive. Udine: Forum, 247-266. Calzolari, N. & Monachini, M. (1996). Multext. Common Specification and notations for Lexicon Encoding, Pisa: Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale. EAGLES (1996) Recommendations for the morphosyntactic annotation of corpora. EAG-TCWG-MAC/R, Pisa: Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale. Ide, N. (1998) “Corpus Encoding Standard. SGML Guidelines for Encoding Linguistic Corpora.” Proceedings of the First International Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, Paris: European Language Resources Association, 463-70. Ide, N., Bonhomme, P. & Romary, L. (2000). “XCES: An XML-based Standard for Linguistic Corpora.” Proceedings of the Second Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), Athens, 825-30.
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LULCL 2005 Proceedings of the Lesse
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Bestellungen bei: Europäische Akad
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Computing Non-Concatenative Morphol
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such as German in this special case
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Page 26 and 27: 26 Bibliographie Ascoli, G.I. (1880
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Page 62 and 63: Ide, N. (2004). “Preparation and
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Page 91 and 92: 91 Abbreviations Cat.1602 Cimbrian
Page 93 and 94: cimbra del XVI secolo. Final essay
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potential word class features. This
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and Bantu languages in general. It
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Poulos, G. & Louwrens, L.J. (1994).
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are available for these languages,
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demonstrative pronoun ba, preceding
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These different writing systems imp
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At this stage, it is important to n
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Concerning the tags used in the abo
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Figure 4: Multi-level Approach Towa
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6. Conclusion and Future Work In th
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Grammar-based Language Technology f
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Figure 1: Morphological Analysis of
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3.1 Choosing Between a ‘Top-down
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It goes without saying that we use
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Figure 4: Quote from cvs Log Using
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• We have made a project-internal
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others. By doing this, we hope that
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Karttunen, L., Kaplan, R.M. & Zaene
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academia, health, social services a
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home help (of service) cymorth cart
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4.2 Implementing TMF: a Simple Firs
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categories into the TBX structure w
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home help entryTerm singular hom
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Table 3: An Example Entry in the Te
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“ 16
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as WordFast. Cysgeir supports loadi
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Ultimately, the same structure and
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168 References “Cronfa Genedlaeth
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SpeechCluster: A Speech Data Multit
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that can be used by external develo
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Table 1: SpeechCluster command-line
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This task is a minor inconvenience
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esearcher/developers are able to us
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Line Code Fig. 2 Table 9: segfake i
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charge, and the models generated ca
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segFake’d training data with the
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187 References Black, A. W., Taylor
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XNLRDF: The Open Source Framework f
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categories are: the orthography, th
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2.1 Unicode and Characters: Upperca
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• The resource is not directly ac
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esource and the access to the resou
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5.2 The Names of Metadata Categorie
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Plate 4: A writing system (Thai) re
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7. Status of the Project and Future
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Writing Standard Sometimes the same
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language-archives.org/documents/ove
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of Cultures in Barcelona (with a ve
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3. Evaluation The evaluation perfor
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OK 1.19% 7.14% OK- 0% 5.96% Unaccep
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a price, asking for information abo
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4.3 Formality Feature In Catalan an
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SPA: Calle Pelayo SPA/CAT: Calle Pe
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Catalan. In each case, we described
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User’s Manual.” Technical Repor
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I begin with a brief overview of Ge
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• Scr - Screeve marker. This is a
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In many cases, the inflectional end
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“The man paints / is painting the
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• Lexical class-dependent screeve
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verbs whose lexical information is
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4.3 Level 2: Semi-regular Patterns
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substitute the appropriate roots in
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• Several types of exercises are
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244 References Anderson, S.R. (1992
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The Igbo Language and Computer Ling
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The overall conclusion from this ov
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2.2 The Computer Phase The computer
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product on the grounds that Alt-I c
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These programs are relatively theor
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In its Dataset component, the progr
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Figure 8: A Word Without Subdots in
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simply used the German umlauted vow
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263 References Adegbola, T. (2003).
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Annotation of Documents for Electro
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electronic corpora, regardless of w
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writing of Hebrew represented the o
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3.2 Automatic Generation of Electro
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There are two types of annotations:
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inspired by the relational model is
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In the context of this particular t
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Pédauque, R.T. (2003). “Document
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Il ladino fra polinomia e standardi
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Vocabolar todësch - ladin (Val Bad
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persone che si trovano a dover scri
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Fig. 6: Esempio di scheda di lemma
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2.4 I corpora elettronici Nell’am
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installazione automatica e di guida
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293 Bibliografia Bortolotti, E. & R
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Schmid, H. (2000). Criteri per la f
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del progetto sono effettivamente ri
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Oltre all’indubbio valore storico
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Questo tipo di attestazioni compren
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caso che, successivamente, lo spogl
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Stealth Learning with an Online Dog
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Figure 1: Colin and Cumberland - Th
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• Closed Pos croeseiriau (crosswo
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Mutations never occur in words when
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} } } { } if (word[x-1] == ‘N’)
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Figure 2: Screenshot showing Dic Pe
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In programming terms, this is done
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The old know, the young suppose A
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Figure 7: Pos Croeseiriau Screensho
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8. Results Figure 7: Screenshot of
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“Archif Melville Richards Histori
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Victoria Arranz (& Elisabet Comelle
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Luca Panieri Il progetto “Zimbarb
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Grammar-based language technology f
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Gruffudd Prys Language Technologies
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