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• Several types of exercises are available on the website; answers are automatically checked for correctness. • The online reference is meant as an addition to the classroom or self- study using a textbook, such as (Kurtsikidze forthcoming 2006). 5.2 Website Design The website is divided into four sections: ‘Verb Conjugation’, ‘Examples’, ‘Exercises’, and ‘Resources’. The section on verb conjugation is the core of the reference tool. It provides complete tables of verb conjugations, accessible through browsing by individual verb (in Georgian or in English), or by searching. The conjugated forms are produced using the FST model described in the previous section; the forms are then automatically inputted into a MySQL database and displayed on the website using PHP. In addition to displaying verb forms, the site allows the user to search for a given verb form, using the recognition capabilities of the FST network. This search capacity demonstrates a major advantage of online resources over print. Many of the verb forms are accompanied by handpicked examples of usage from print sources (mainly online newspapers and chat rooms), audio (from recorded naturalistic dialogues), and movie clips. The examples are provided as complete sentences and short paragraphs; translations are available for all examples. Audio and video examples are likewise accompanied by transcriptions and translations. I am very grateful to Vakhtang Chikovani for finding and translating the examples. The ‘Examples’ section of the website provides a different way to access the print, audio, and video examples. This can be done through browsing by verb, or by searching (again, in Georgian or in English). The ‘Exercises’ section contains several different types of exercises to provide additional practice for using and conjugating verbs. Many of the exercises are generated based on the conjugated forms or the handpicked examples, and so the correctness of the answers can be checked automatically. Finally, the ‘Resources’ section contains links to various online and bibliographical resources about Georgian, as well as technical suggestions for using Georgian fonts. The website will be operational in spring 2006; anyone interested in using it should contact this author. 242
6. Conclusions and Further Work This paper represents a first attempt at modelling Georgian verbal morphology using easily available, off-the-shelf technology such as FST. Using some adaptations to accommodate the templatic and non-compositional structure of the Georgian verbs, we were able to make significant progress and produce one practical application of the computational model for language learners. In short, the model provides a convenient method for representing the existing lexicon for computational applications such as parsing or generation. Naturally, each technology has its drawbacks. FST provides no way to incorporate frequency information about the Georgian lexicon, and, in general, is not an accurate model for how verbs are learned. Unfortunately, creating a statistically sensitive model of the Georgian lexicon is not currently an easy proposition, as there are no available corpora of Georgian, and no immediate ways of obtaining statistical distributions. This project will develop in several ways in the future. First, the existing model will be enriched with more verb types and more inflectional parameters (such as the use of pre-radical vowels and productive passivization and causativization processes). Second, I plan to explore ways to incorporate statistical information into the model, either through the use of connectionist networks or by putting numerical transition probabilities on the different arcs in the FST transducers. The eventual goal would be to create a model that can be used for learning Georgian verb conjugations, which could produce a finite-state network of complete word forms. We also hope that this model and the online reference and collection of examples can serve as the basis for the creation of a corpus of spoken Georgian. Information collected in the corpus can then be used to inform and improve future computational models. 243
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LULCL 2005 Proceedings of the Lesse
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Bestellungen bei: Europäische Akad
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Computing Non-Concatenative Morphol
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such as German in this special case
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The contributions underline the sig
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unumschränkte Verkehrs- und Verwal
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Nun gilt es zu erklären, wie die S
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Adjektive auf -abel, -ibel, -aivel,
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überzeugenden Vorschlägen auf der
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höheren Transparenz und der Nähe
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sie zu verwenden; gezwungen wird er
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einer sprachpolitischen Förderung
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26 Bibliographie Ascoli, G.I. (1880
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Implementing NLP-Projects for Small
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• Small Languages Shouldn't Do So
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impossible to evaluate. Young resea
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esearch results available as free s
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Parallel corpora of Orwell’s 1984
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data would already have been lost (
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on local players only? A policy for
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“Traitement automatique des langu
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lingua nel modo in cui essa viene e
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Il SDC, data la totale assenza di a
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• l’annotazione linguistica, ch
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La header sarà esterna al CesDoc
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• nelle posizioni da 1 a n i valo
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Cfr. tabella 24 in appendice. 2.4 L
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SP su su Sp- SP stadiu stad
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3. Conclusioni In questo articolo a
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Ide, N. (2004). “Preparation and
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Tabella 1: Codici per le parti del
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Vaii3s- VAS3II hiat, fiat Vaii1p- V
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Vmg----a VMGA tzerriendidda Vmg----
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Tabella 9: e per la categoria “
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Tabella 11: e per la categoria
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Tabella 17: e per la categoria “
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The Relevance of Lesser-Used Langua
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(better known as the ‘short Cimbr
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(2) Haute die Mome hat gekoaft die
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(14b) ’az se nette ghenan vüar 3
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what-he says (30) ben-ig-en nox vin
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• No cases of proclisis to the in
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Second, syntactic change does not p
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91 Abbreviations Cat.1602 Cimbrian
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cimbra del XVI secolo. Final essay
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sincronica proiettata nella diacron
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Creating Word Class Tagged Corpora
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2b bo+ bomalome uncles 3 mo- monwan
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Table 4: Alternatives in Tagging th
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• Nouns and verbs can be guessed
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Tag category: Common noun, singular
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3.4 Verb Guesser In Table 3 above,
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Table 8: Sample Results of Noun Gue
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potential word class features. This
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and Bantu languages in general. It
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Poulos, G. & Louwrens, L.J. (1994).
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are available for these languages,
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demonstrative pronoun ba, preceding
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These different writing systems imp
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At this stage, it is important to n
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Concerning the tags used in the abo
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Figure 4: Multi-level Approach Towa
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6. Conclusion and Future Work In th
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Grammar-based Language Technology f
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Figure 1: Morphological Analysis of
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3.1 Choosing Between a ‘Top-down
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It goes without saying that we use
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Figure 4: Quote from cvs Log Using
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• We have made a project-internal
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others. By doing this, we hope that
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Karttunen, L., Kaplan, R.M. & Zaene
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academia, health, social services a
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home help (of service) cymorth cart
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4.2 Implementing TMF: a Simple Firs
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categories into the TBX structure w
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home help entryTerm singular hom
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Table 3: An Example Entry in the Te
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“ 16
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as WordFast. Cysgeir supports loadi
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Ultimately, the same structure and
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168 References “Cronfa Genedlaeth
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SpeechCluster: A Speech Data Multit
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that can be used by external develo
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Table 1: SpeechCluster command-line
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This task is a minor inconvenience
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esearcher/developers are able to us
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Line Code Fig. 2 Table 9: segfake i
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charge, and the models generated ca
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segFake’d training data with the
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187 References Black, A. W., Taylor
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XNLRDF: The Open Source Framework f
Page 191 and 192: categories are: the orthography, th
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Page 199 and 200: 5.2 The Names of Metadata Categorie
Page 201 and 202: Plate 4: A writing system (Thai) re
Page 203 and 204: 7. Status of the Project and Future
Page 205 and 206: Writing Standard Sometimes the same
Page 207: language-archives.org/documents/ove
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Page 212 and 213: 3. Evaluation The evaluation perfor
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Page 244 and 245: 244 References Anderson, S.R. (1992
Page 247 and 248: The Igbo Language and Computer Ling
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Page 251 and 252: 2.2 The Computer Phase The computer
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Page 261 and 262: simply used the German umlauted vow
Page 263 and 264: 263 References Adegbola, T. (2003).
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Page 271 and 272: 3.2 Automatic Generation of Electro
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Page 275 and 276: inspired by the relational model is
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Page 279 and 280: Pédauque, R.T. (2003). “Document
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Page 283 and 284: Vocabolar todësch - ladin (Val Bad
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Page 287 and 288: Fig. 6: Esempio di scheda di lemma
Page 289 and 290: 2.4 I corpora elettronici Nell’am
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293 Bibliografia Bortolotti, E. & R
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Schmid, H. (2000). Criteri per la f
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del progetto sono effettivamente ri
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Oltre all’indubbio valore storico
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Questo tipo di attestazioni compren
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caso che, successivamente, lo spogl
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Stealth Learning with an Online Dog
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Figure 1: Colin and Cumberland - Th
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• Closed Pos croeseiriau (crosswo
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Mutations never occur in words when
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} } } { } if (word[x-1] == ‘N’)
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Figure 2: Screenshot showing Dic Pe
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In programming terms, this is done
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The old know, the young suppose A
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Figure 7: Pos Croeseiriau Screensho
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8. Results Figure 7: Screenshot of
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“Archif Melville Richards Histori
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Victoria Arranz (& Elisabet Comelle
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Luca Panieri Il progetto “Zimbarb
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Grammar-based language technology f
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Gruffudd Prys Language Technologies
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