Thesis - faculty.ait.ac.th - Asian Institute of Technology

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List of Figures Figures Title Page 2.1 Schematic Representation of a Typical Engineered Landfill 6 2.2 Changes in Significant Parameters during Different Phases of Landfill Stabilization 7 2.3 Variation in Significant Pollutant Ratios with Increase in Age of the Landfill 9 2.4 Water Movements in the Landfill 13 2.5 Leachate Productions and Rainfall Variation with Time 14 2.6 Treatment of Landfill Leacahte with Two Stage Reverse Osmosis 29 2.7 Schematic Diagram of Biological Treatment and Reverse Osmosis for Leachate Treatment 37 2.8 Schematic Diagram of Microfiltration/Reverse Osmosis for Leachate Treatment 38 2.9 Schematic Diagram of Denitrification-Nitrification/UF and Reverse Osmosis for Leachate Treatment 38 2.10 Schematic Diagrams of (a) External Recirculation MBR and (b) Submerged MBR System 42 3.1 Flowchart Showing Different Stages of Experimental Study 54 3.2 Diagram Illustrating the Enrichment Procedure 55 3.3 Respirometer 57 3.4 Experiments Conducted to Optimize Ammonia Stripping 59 3.5 Schematic Diagrams of Membrane Bioreactor with and without Ammonia Stripping 61 3.6 Methodology for Performing Molecular Weight Cut-off Distribution 63 3.7 Flowchart Showing Ammonia Stripping Coupled MBR Process 65 4.1 Variation in F/M and COD Removal Efficiency in Yeast Sludge 69 4.2 Variation in F/M and COD Removal Efficiency in Bacterial Sludge 69 4.3 Increase in Biomass during Acclimatization of the Bacterial Sludge 70 4.4 Increase in Biomass during Acclimatization of the Yeast Sludge 71 4.5 Predominantly Spherical and Egg-shaped Yeasts with Budding in the Yeast Reactor (x1500) 71 4.6 Bacteria Cells in the Mixed Bacteria Sludge: a) Gram Negative and b) Gram Positive (x1500) 72 4.7 Specific Growth Rate of Mixed Bacteria Sludge with Increasing Substrate Concentration 72 4.8 Specific Growth Rate of Mixed Yeast Sludge with Increasing Substrate Concentration 72 4.9 Inhibition of the Yeast and Bacterial Culture with Increasing Ammonium Chloride Concentration 77 4.10 Inhibitory Effect of Lead in Bacterial Sludge 79 4.11 Inhibition Effect of Lead in Yeast Sludge 80 4.12 Variation in Transmembrane Pressure with Permeate Flux (a) YMBR and (b) BMBR 81 4.13 Variation in Organic Load with HRT 83 4.14 Variation in MLSS in the MBR Systems 83 4.15 Variation in pH in the MBR Systems 84 x
4.16 COD Concentration in the Influent and Effluent in the BMBR and YMBR at Different HRT 84 4.17 COD Removal Efficiency in the BMBR and YMBR at Different HRT 85 4.18 Variations in COD Removal Rate as a Function of F/M Ratio 86 4.19 TKN Removal Efficiency in the YMBR and BMBR with HRT 87 4.20 Cleaning of membranes in the YMBR and BMBR system in relation to TMP 90 4.21 Variation in the Ammonia Removal Efficiency with pH 93 4.22 Ammonia Removal Efficiency with Varying Velocity Gradient and pH 93 4.23 Trans-membrane Pressure Variation in MBR Process for Ammonia Stripped Leachate Treatment 96 4.24 Variation in COD at 16 and 24 h HRT 98 4.25 Variation in MLSS at 16 and 24 h HRT 98 4.26 COD Removal with and without Ammonia Stripping at 16 and 24 h HRT 99 4.27 Expected and Actual Improvement in COD Removal with Ammonia Stripping in the YMBR and BMBR Systems 100 4.28 BOD in the BMBR and YMBR Effluent at 16 h HRT 101 4.29 BOD in the BMBR and YMBR Effluent at 24 h HRT 101 4.30 BOD Removal Efficiency in the BMBR and YMBR Systems 102 4.31 BOD/COD of the BMBR and YMBR Effluent 102 4.32 Influent and Effluent Nitrogen Content in BMBR at (a) 16 h HRT and (b) 24 h HRT 103 4.33 Influent and Effluent Nitrogen Content in YMBR at (a) 16 h HRT and (b) 24 h HRT 104 4.34 Overall TKN Removal in BMBR and YMBR with and without Ammonia Stripping 105 4.35 TKN Removal in MBR Process at 16 and 24 h HRT 106 4.36 Change of OUR at Different Time Period for Leachate Sample 107 4.37 20 Days BOD of the Raw Leachate and Stripped Leachate 109 4.38 20 Days BOD of the YMBR and BMBR Effluents 109 4.39 Molecular Weight Cut-off of Raw Leachate, Stripped Leachate, Bacterial and Yeast Effluents 111 4.40 Percent Contribution of Various Molecular Weight Compounds to the Total COD 111 4.41 Molecular Weight Cut-off of Leachate (a) COD (mg/L) (b) COD (%) 113 4.42 Molecular Weight Cut-off of Leachate (a) BOD (mg/L) (b) BOD (%) 114 xi
Page 1 and 2: APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Landfill leachate is a com
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Chapter Title Pag
Page 7 and 8: 4.5.6 Cost Analysis for Operation 1
Page 9: 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Concentr
Page 13 and 14: MWCO Molecular Weight Cut-off MWW M
Page 15 and 16: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 17 and 18: generally unsuccessful in removal o
Page 19 and 20: 2.1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literatu
Page 21 and 22: In the municipal solid waste landfi
Page 23 and 24: COD/TOC, VS/FS and VFA/TOC ratios o
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.3 presents the general leac
Page 27 and 28: Ground water 2.7.1 Seasonal Variati
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.5 Variation of COD, BOD & B
Page 31 and 32: entails the re-circulation of leach
Page 33 and 34: Table 2.8 Summary of Biokinetic Coe
Page 35 and 36: that extensive loss of nitrogen (up
Page 37 and 38: ammonia could only be achieved when
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.10 Treatment Efficiencies o
Page 41 and 42: Activated Carbon Adsorption Granula
Page 43 and 44: Colloidal material as well as metal
Page 45 and 46: iologically, physical-chemical proc
Page 47 and 48: Ammonia Stripping Air stripping of
Page 49 and 50: These systems are land intensive wh
Page 51 and 52: the biological treatment can be rep
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.16 Typical Leachate Composi
Page 55 and 56: influent reached 200 mg/L. For the
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.18 Advantages and Disadvant
Page 59 and 60: through the effluent. Different ope
Page 61 and 62:
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids and D
Page 63 and 64:
2.12 Yeasts 2.12.1 Introduction The
Page 65 and 66:
Nishihara ESRC Ltd. (2001) studied
Page 67 and 68:
nitrification-denitrification proce
Page 69 and 70:
Table 3.1 Composition of Simulated
Page 71 and 72:
3.4.1 Ammonia Toxicity The experime
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 3.4 Experiments Conducted to
Page 75 and 76:
Leachate Option Ammonia Stripping R
Page 77 and 78:
MW larger than 50 kDa, (2) MW betwe
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 3.7 Flowchart Showing Ammoni
Page 81 and 82:
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 4.
Page 83 and 84:
COD Removal Effeciency (%) COD Remo
Page 85 and 86:
MLSS (mg/L) 14000 12000 10000 8000
Page 87 and 88:
Specific Growth Rate ( d -1 ) 0.50
Page 89 and 90:
change in the predominant species w
Page 91 and 92:
Table 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Co
Page 93 and 94:
Table 4.5 Substrate Utilization by
Page 95 and 96:
4.3.1 Initial Membrane Resistance P
Page 97 and 98:
when compared with the present stud
Page 99 and 100:
COD Removal Efficiency (%) 90 80 70
Page 101 and 102:
(2) TKN Removal Efficiency Prior to
Page 103 and 104:
As there was no significant improve
Page 105 and 106:
The probable reason for frequent fo
Page 107 and 108:
Ammonia Concentration (mg/L) Ammoni
Page 109 and 110:
concentration after treatment. Othe
Page 111 and 112:
After the chemical cleaning of the
Page 113 and 114:
emoval of 38%. A higher removal in
Page 115 and 116:
Influent BOD (mg/L) Influent BOD (m
Page 117 and 118:
(3) TKN Removal Efficiency The TKN
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 4.34 gives the overall TKN r
Page 121 and 122:
fraction and slowly biodegradable C
Page 123 and 124:
BOD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) 6000 5000 400
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 4.39 Molecular Weight Cut-of
Page 127 and 128:
COD (mg/L) 8000 6000 4000 2000 COD
Page 129 and 130:
Though, the obtained COD removal ef
Page 131 and 132:
cake used on the top of the membran
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 135 and 136:
0.02, respectively. This can be con
Page 137 and 138:
References Abeling, U., and Seyfrie
Page 139 and 140:
Brown, M.J., and Lester, J.N., 1980
Page 141 and 142:
Diamadopoulos, E., 1994. Characteri
Page 143 and 144:
Grady, C.P.L., Daigger, G.T., and L
Page 145 and 146:
Keenan, J.D., Steiner, R.L., and Fu
Page 147 and 148:
Martin, G.M.A., Auzmenti, A.I., and
Page 149 and 150:
Pohland, F.G., and Harper, S.R., 19
Page 151 and 152:
Shin, H.S., An, H., Kang, S.T., Cho
Page 153 and 154:
Visvanathan, C., Ben Aim, R., and P
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix A Pictures of Experiments
Page 157 and 158:
Raw Leachate YMBR Effluent BMBR Eff
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix B Leachate Characteristics
Page 161 and 162:
Table B-2 Acclimation of Mixed Yeas
Page 163 and 164:
Appendix C Experimental Data of Bio
Page 165 and 166:
y: Where: OUR at line g: This is th
Page 167 and 168:
Table C-3 Experimental Results for
Page 169 and 170:
Appendix D Membrane Resistance Stud
Page 171 and 172:
Table D-3 Experimental Data for Det
Page 173 and 174:
Table D-4 Experimental Data for Det
Page 175 and 176:
Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) 25 20
Page 177 and 178:
Appendix E MBR without Ammonia Stri
Page 179 and 180:
Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
Page 181 and 182:
Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
Page 183 and 184:
Table E-3 Variation in TMP with Tim
Page 185 and 186:
Appendix F Ammonia Stripping Studie
Page 187 and 188:
Table F-5 Pilot Scale Study on Ammo
Page 189 and 190:
Table G-1 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
Page 191 and 192:
Table G-3 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix H Other Studies 179
Page 195 and 196:
Table H-2 Membrane Resistance of th
Page 197:
Table H-6 Chemical Cost for the Yea
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