Thesis - faculty.ait.ac.th - Asian Institute of Technology

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Acknowledgements I would like to deeply express my profound gratitude to his advisor, Prof. C. Visvanathan for kindly giving his stimulating ideas, valuable guidance, numerous constructive suggestions and encouragement through his study at AIT. The author also would like to thank Dr. Preeda Parkpian, Dr. Josef Trankler, Dr. David A. Luketina, Dr. Lee Seung-Hwan, and Prof. Athapol Noomhorm for their valuable comments, critical ideas and serving as members of examination committee. I am greatly indebted to Prof. F.W. Gunthert for kindly accepting to serve as External Examiner. His valuable advice, guidance and professional comments are highly appreciated. I gratefully acknowledge to Royal Thai Government for the financial support. I am very grateful to Ms. Sindhuja Sankaran and Ms. Loshnee Nair for providing comments and helping throughout my study at AIT. I sincerely would like to thank all staffs and my lab colleagues in the Environmental Engineering Program for friendship, help, and moral support, which contributed in various ways to the completion of this dissertation. Sincere gratitude is expressed to the Pathumthani municipality and Ram-indra transfer station office, Thailand, for the useful information and assistance on the leachate and sample collection. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and dedicate this research work to my parents, all family members and special friends, whose love, assisted me through difficult times and contributed to the success of this study. ii
Abstract Landfill leachate is a complex wastewater with considerable variation in both quality and quantity. The composition and concentration of pollutants are influenced by the types of waste deposited, hydrogeological factors, and more significantly by the age of the landfill site. In general, leachate is highly contaminated with organic contaminants measured as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and also with high ammonium nitrogen concentration. Biological processes have been found ineffective for leachate from relatively old landfill. In leachate containing high concentrations of organic and nitrogen compounds such cases result in possible serious environmental problems near the landfill site. This research was undertaken to investigate the performance of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) using mixed yeast culture (YMBR) and mixed bacteria culture (BMBR) in treating raw leachate containing high organic and nitrogen concentrations. The inhibition effects of ammonium nitrogen and lead on yeast and bacteria cultures were determined by measuring the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) using the respirometric method. Furthermore, for both YMBR and BMBR, treating the stripped leachate, they were assessed the treatment efficiency to compare the results with those treating the raw leachate. The inhibition experiment revealed that a bacteria culture was very sensitive to ammonium nitrogen when it was compared to a yeast culture. Also the values of biokinetic coefficients showed that the specific growth rate (µ) in bacteria system was influenced. At ammonium concentration of 2,000 mg/L, the response of OUR inhibition in a bacteria system was approximately 37% whereas it was around 6% in a yeast system. Furthermore, both yeast and bacteria cultures were also sensitive to lead. In a MBR, treating raw leachate, the COD removal rate for BMBR was slightly lower than the YMBR for varied hydraulic retention time (HRT) at high volumetric loading rate. The average COD removal efficiency in BMBR was 62±2% while in YMBR was 65±2%. The YMBR could obtain higher COD removal rate at higher volumetric loading rate than the BMBR. This indicated that the yeast system can treat leachate containing high organic and nitrogen concentrations. The average TKN removal efficiency for both BMBR and YMBR systems was from 14-25% and 19-29%, respectively. The nitrite and nitrate concentrations (NO2 - and NO3 - ) were found to be very low. The comparative evaluation of treatment performance of MBR, treating stripped leachate, was examined. The COD removal of both BMBR and YMBR was above 70% at HRT 16 h and 24 h. As a result, the pretreatment with ammonia stripping prior to BMBR showed more significant improvement in terms of COD removal when it was compared to YMBR. This could be confirmed that the trend of inhibition effect on bacteria was dependent upon the ammonium nitrogen concentration. The range of BOD concentration of effluents from both YMBR and BMBR, treating the stripped leachate was from 30-55 mg/L. This level followed the present effluent standard. Although BOD could be reduced to lower values with these methods, the treated leachate still contained a large quantity of refractory organic compounds. This might be due to the contribution of the slowly biodegradable organics and non-biodegradable organics contained in the leachate. Therefore, they should be further treated in a post treatment for elevating the final effluent to meet the present effluent standard or even increasing the biodegradable organics. iii
Page 1: APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Chapter Title Pag
Page 7 and 8: 4.5.6 Cost Analysis for Operation 1
Page 9 and 10: 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Concentr
Page 11 and 12: 4.16 COD Concentration in the Influ
Page 13 and 14: MWCO Molecular Weight Cut-off MWW M
Page 15 and 16: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 17 and 18: generally unsuccessful in removal o
Page 19 and 20: 2.1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literatu
Page 21 and 22: In the municipal solid waste landfi
Page 23 and 24: COD/TOC, VS/FS and VFA/TOC ratios o
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.3 presents the general leac
Page 27 and 28: Ground water 2.7.1 Seasonal Variati
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.5 Variation of COD, BOD & B
Page 31 and 32: entails the re-circulation of leach
Page 33 and 34: Table 2.8 Summary of Biokinetic Coe
Page 35 and 36: that extensive loss of nitrogen (up
Page 37 and 38: ammonia could only be achieved when
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.10 Treatment Efficiencies o
Page 41 and 42: Activated Carbon Adsorption Granula
Page 43 and 44: Colloidal material as well as metal
Page 45 and 46: iologically, physical-chemical proc
Page 47 and 48: Ammonia Stripping Air stripping of
Page 49 and 50: These systems are land intensive wh
Page 51 and 52: the biological treatment can be rep
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Table 2.16 Typical Leachate Composi
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influent reached 200 mg/L. For the
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Table 2.18 Advantages and Disadvant
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through the effluent. Different ope
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Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids and D
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2.12 Yeasts 2.12.1 Introduction The
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Nishihara ESRC Ltd. (2001) studied
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nitrification-denitrification proce
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Table 3.1 Composition of Simulated
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3.4.1 Ammonia Toxicity The experime
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Figure 3.4 Experiments Conducted to
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Leachate Option Ammonia Stripping R
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MW larger than 50 kDa, (2) MW betwe
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Figure 3.7 Flowchart Showing Ammoni
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Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 4.
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COD Removal Effeciency (%) COD Remo
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MLSS (mg/L) 14000 12000 10000 8000
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Specific Growth Rate ( d -1 ) 0.50
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change in the predominant species w
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Table 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Co
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Table 4.5 Substrate Utilization by
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4.3.1 Initial Membrane Resistance P
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when compared with the present stud
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COD Removal Efficiency (%) 90 80 70
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(2) TKN Removal Efficiency Prior to
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As there was no significant improve
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The probable reason for frequent fo
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Ammonia Concentration (mg/L) Ammoni
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concentration after treatment. Othe
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After the chemical cleaning of the
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emoval of 38%. A higher removal in
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Influent BOD (mg/L) Influent BOD (m
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(3) TKN Removal Efficiency The TKN
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Figure 4.34 gives the overall TKN r
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fraction and slowly biodegradable C
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BOD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) 6000 5000 400
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Figure 4.39 Molecular Weight Cut-of
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COD (mg/L) 8000 6000 4000 2000 COD
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Though, the obtained COD removal ef
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cake used on the top of the membran
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Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
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0.02, respectively. This can be con
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References Abeling, U., and Seyfrie
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Brown, M.J., and Lester, J.N., 1980
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Diamadopoulos, E., 1994. Characteri
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Grady, C.P.L., Daigger, G.T., and L
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Keenan, J.D., Steiner, R.L., and Fu
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Martin, G.M.A., Auzmenti, A.I., and
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Pohland, F.G., and Harper, S.R., 19
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Shin, H.S., An, H., Kang, S.T., Cho
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Visvanathan, C., Ben Aim, R., and P
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Appendix A Pictures of Experiments
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Raw Leachate YMBR Effluent BMBR Eff
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Appendix B Leachate Characteristics
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Table B-2 Acclimation of Mixed Yeas
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Appendix C Experimental Data of Bio
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y: Where: OUR at line g: This is th
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Table C-3 Experimental Results for
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Appendix D Membrane Resistance Stud
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Table D-3 Experimental Data for Det
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Table D-4 Experimental Data for Det
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Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) 25 20
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Appendix E MBR without Ammonia Stri
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Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
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Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
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Table E-3 Variation in TMP with Tim
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Appendix F Ammonia Stripping Studie
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Table F-5 Pilot Scale Study on Ammo
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Table G-1 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
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Table G-3 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
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Appendix H Other Studies 179
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Table H-2 Membrane Resistance of th
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Table H-6 Chemical Cost for the Yea
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