Thesis - faculty.ait.ac.th - Asian Institute of Technology

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Table 2.19 Operating Conditions of Membrane Bioreactor Process for Treatment of Different Kinds of Wastewater Wastewater Industrial Wastewater Leachate Volume (L) HRT (h) Initial COD (mg/L) 46 BOD/COD MLSS (mg/L) SRT (d) OLR (kg COD/m 3 .d) Reference 5500 30,000-50,000 20,000 50 2.2-10.2 Nagano, et al., 1992 2750 140 42,660 10,900 16 5.40 Krauth and Staab, 1993 1900 144-240 29,400 1,800 50-75 2.5-4.9 Zaloum, et al., 1994 - 24 13,300 0.49 - - - Scott and Smith, 1997 15 24 21-50 (AOX) 10,000-20,000 - - Hall, et al., 1995 220 15-25 2,700-4,300 30,000-47,000 Lubbecke, et al., 1995 287 (m 3 ) 54 14,200 28,700 31 6.3 Mishra, et al., 1996 180 (m 3 ) 28.8 4,000 0.2 Dijk and Roncken, 1997 9,500 240 8,000 (BOD) 4,000 30 Ahn, et al., 1999 303 (m 3 ) 65 850-4,200 0.40-0.75 8,000-10,000 80 Jensen, et al., 2001
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids and Dissolved Substances The effects of the MLSS concentration on the membrane fouling have been reported by many researchers as membrane resistance varies proportionally in MLSS concentration (Fane, et al., 1981) and when the MLSS concentration exceeded 40,000 mg/L, the flux is found that dramatically decrease (Yamamoto, et al., 1989). However, Lubbecke, et al. (1995) illustrated that MLSS concentrations upto 30,000 mg/L is not directly responsible for irreversible fouling, and that viscosity and dissolved matter have a more significant impact on flux decline. The increase in viscosity to yield a substantial suction pressure increase can causes the failure of MBR system (Ueda, et al., 1996). The effects of MLSS, dissolved matter, and viscosity on membrane fouling could be estimated as given by Sato and Ishii (1991) in the following manner: Where: 0. 926 47 1. 368 0. 326 R = 842 . 7 * ∆P * ( MLSS) * ( COD) * ( µ ) Eq. 2.1 R = Filtration resistance, m -1 ∆P = Transmembrane pressure, Pa µ = Viscosity, Pa.s MLSS = mixed liquor suspended solid, mg/L COD = Soluble chemical oxygen demand, mg/L According to the few researches, the role of mixed liquor in membrane fouling was due to the presence of suspended solids (SS), colloids, and dissolved matter which contributed to resistance against filtration by 65, 30, and 5 % respectively (Derfrance, et al., 2000). Through fractionation of the mixed liquor of activated sludge into floc cell, EPS and dissolved mater, Chang and Lee (1998) indicated EPS as an important component contributing to fouling causing resistance in the filtration process. However, these studies show that individual fouling resistances were not additive due to the sum of the resistances given by each component was found to be greater than the measured total resistance. Wisniewski and Grasmick (1998) fractionated the activated sludge suspension into settleable particles (particle size above 100 µm), supracolloidal-colloidal fraction (nonsettleable particle with a size ranging from 0.05 to 100 µm), and soluble fraction (obtained after filtration with 0.05 µm membrane). They revealed that 52% of the total resistance could be attributed to soluble components. Particle Size Distribution Many researchers have sought to establish the influence of particle size on the cake layer resistance. Generally, the particle size of an activated sludge floc ranges from 1.2 to 600 µm (Jorand, et al., 1995). The break-up of biological flocs, generating fine colloids and cells which later form a denser cake layer on the membrane is due to the shear force rising as a result of pumping during cross-flow filtration (Wisniewski and Grasmick, 1998; Kim, et al., 2001). According to Wisniewski, et al. (2000), after the floc breakup, the suspension produced consists mainly of particles having a size of around 2 µm causing a decrease in flux. 97% of the particles in the MBR system have an average diameter smaller than 10 µm, while the activated sludge contained flocs range from 20 to 200 µm in size (Cicek, et al., 1999).
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APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Landfill leachate is a com
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Contents Chapter Title Pag
Page 7 and 8:
4.5.6 Cost Analysis for Operation 1
Page 9 and 10: 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Concentr
Page 11 and 12: 4.16 COD Concentration in the Influ
Page 13 and 14: MWCO Molecular Weight Cut-off MWW M
Page 15 and 16: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 17 and 18: generally unsuccessful in removal o
Page 19 and 20: 2.1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literatu
Page 21 and 22: In the municipal solid waste landfi
Page 23 and 24: COD/TOC, VS/FS and VFA/TOC ratios o
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.3 presents the general leac
Page 27 and 28: Ground water 2.7.1 Seasonal Variati
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.5 Variation of COD, BOD & B
Page 31 and 32: entails the re-circulation of leach
Page 33 and 34: Table 2.8 Summary of Biokinetic Coe
Page 35 and 36: that extensive loss of nitrogen (up
Page 37 and 38: ammonia could only be achieved when
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.10 Treatment Efficiencies o
Page 41 and 42: Activated Carbon Adsorption Granula
Page 43 and 44: Colloidal material as well as metal
Page 45 and 46: iologically, physical-chemical proc
Page 47 and 48: Ammonia Stripping Air stripping of
Page 49 and 50: These systems are land intensive wh
Page 51 and 52: the biological treatment can be rep
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.16 Typical Leachate Composi
Page 55 and 56: influent reached 200 mg/L. For the
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.18 Advantages and Disadvant
Page 59: through the effluent. Different ope
Page 63 and 64: 2.12 Yeasts 2.12.1 Introduction The
Page 65 and 66: Nishihara ESRC Ltd. (2001) studied
Page 67 and 68: nitrification-denitrification proce
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.1 Composition of Simulated
Page 71 and 72: 3.4.1 Ammonia Toxicity The experime
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.4 Experiments Conducted to
Page 75 and 76: Leachate Option Ammonia Stripping R
Page 77 and 78: MW larger than 50 kDa, (2) MW betwe
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.7 Flowchart Showing Ammoni
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 4.
Page 83 and 84: COD Removal Effeciency (%) COD Remo
Page 85 and 86: MLSS (mg/L) 14000 12000 10000 8000
Page 87 and 88: Specific Growth Rate ( d -1 ) 0.50
Page 89 and 90: change in the predominant species w
Page 91 and 92: Table 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Co
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.5 Substrate Utilization by
Page 95 and 96: 4.3.1 Initial Membrane Resistance P
Page 97 and 98: when compared with the present stud
Page 99 and 100: COD Removal Efficiency (%) 90 80 70
Page 101 and 102: (2) TKN Removal Efficiency Prior to
Page 103 and 104: As there was no significant improve
Page 105 and 106: The probable reason for frequent fo
Page 107 and 108: Ammonia Concentration (mg/L) Ammoni
Page 109 and 110: concentration after treatment. Othe
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After the chemical cleaning of the
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emoval of 38%. A higher removal in
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Influent BOD (mg/L) Influent BOD (m
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(3) TKN Removal Efficiency The TKN
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Figure 4.34 gives the overall TKN r
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fraction and slowly biodegradable C
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BOD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) 6000 5000 400
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Figure 4.39 Molecular Weight Cut-of
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COD (mg/L) 8000 6000 4000 2000 COD
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Though, the obtained COD removal ef
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cake used on the top of the membran
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Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
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0.02, respectively. This can be con
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References Abeling, U., and Seyfrie
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Brown, M.J., and Lester, J.N., 1980
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Diamadopoulos, E., 1994. Characteri
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Grady, C.P.L., Daigger, G.T., and L
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Keenan, J.D., Steiner, R.L., and Fu
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Martin, G.M.A., Auzmenti, A.I., and
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Pohland, F.G., and Harper, S.R., 19
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Shin, H.S., An, H., Kang, S.T., Cho
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Visvanathan, C., Ben Aim, R., and P
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Appendix A Pictures of Experiments
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Raw Leachate YMBR Effluent BMBR Eff
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Appendix B Leachate Characteristics
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Table B-2 Acclimation of Mixed Yeas
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Appendix C Experimental Data of Bio
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y: Where: OUR at line g: This is th
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Table C-3 Experimental Results for
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Appendix D Membrane Resistance Stud
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Table D-3 Experimental Data for Det
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Table D-4 Experimental Data for Det
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Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) 25 20
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Appendix E MBR without Ammonia Stri
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Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
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Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
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Table E-3 Variation in TMP with Tim
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Appendix F Ammonia Stripping Studie
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Table F-5 Pilot Scale Study on Ammo
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Table G-1 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
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Table G-3 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
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Appendix H Other Studies 179
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Table H-2 Membrane Resistance of th
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Table H-6 Chemical Cost for the Yea
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