Thesis - faculty.ait.ac.th - Asian Institute of Technology

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Leachate Production (L/d) Rainfall (mm) 60 40 20 0 1/1/02 1/1/02 80 60 40 20 0 1/1/02 1/1/02 31/1/02 31/1/02 31/1/02 31/1/02 2.7.2 Landfill Age 2/3/02 2/3/02 2/3/02 2/3/02 1/4/02 1/4/02 1/4/02 1/4/02 1/5/02 1/5/02 1/5/02 1/5/02 31/5/02 31/5/02 31/5/02 31/5/02 Figure 2.5 Leachate Productions and Rainfall Variation with Time (Visvanathan, et al., 2003) Leachate sampling and analysis are of importance in assessing the changes in leachate quality over a period of time. A distinction of the age of a landfill can be made on the basis of the dominating degradation phase within the fill and the composition of the leachate generated. The response of landfill leachate quality and quantity to the climatic variation depends on the age of the landfill. Few significant variations such as a decreasing trend of BOD/COD are evident as the landfill age increases. The BOD/COD ratio depicts the biodegradability of the leachate, with a ratio of 0.5 indicating a readily degradable organic material while a value of 0.1 or below represents a high fraction of poorly degradable organic material in the leachate (Table 2.3). The variation in the quality of leachate from a landfill in Taiwan composed of ten different units closed each year is expressed in Table 2.5. From the given table, it could be observed that as the landfill gets stabilized, BOD and COD concentrations reduce along with decrease in biodegradability. Nitrogen concentration is another indicator which signifies the age of the landfill leachate as presented in Table 2.6 and 2.7. The ammonia concentration in leachate is high due to hydrolysis, decomposition, and fermentation of biodegradable substrate. Owing to the anaerobic conditions within landfill, nitrite and nitrate concentrations are low. In the first few years, the ammonia concentration tends to increase slightly over time and then decreases as the landfill age increases. Thus, it could be appropriate to say that looking at the leachate characteristic, the age of the landfill can be predicted to a great extent. 14 30/6/02 30/6/02 30/6/02 30/6/02 30/7/02 30/7/02 30/7/02 30/7/02 Date/Month/Year 29/8/02 29/8/02 29/8/02 29/8/02 28/9/02 28/9/02 28/9/02 28/9/02 28/10/02 28/10/02 28/10/02 28/10/02 27/11/02 27/11/02 27/11/02 27/11/02 27/12/02 27/12/02 27/12/02 27/12/02
Table 2.5 Variation of COD, BOD & BOD/COD with Increasing Landfill Ages (Ragle, 1995) Age (year) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BOD (mg/L) 25,000 10,000 290 260 240 210 190 160 130 100 80 COD (mg/L) 35,000 16,000 1,850 1,500 1,400 1,200 1,200 1,150 1,100 1,050 1,000 BOD/COD 0.71 0.60 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.08 Table 2.6 Nitrogen Concentrations from Various Sources Sample Age NH3-N Organic-N NO3-N (Year) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Sewage 1 - 15 10 0 Young leachate 1 1 1,000-2,000 500-1,000 0 Pillar Point (Hong Kong) 6 2,563 197 2.5 Ma Yau Tong (Hong Kong) 2 10 1,156 24 1.1 Several sites (Germany) 1 12 1,100 - - Du Page Co. (Illinois) 1 15 860 - - Rainham (UK.) 1 24 17 - - Waterloo (Canada) 1 35 12 - - Sources: 1 McBean, et al., 1995. 2 Robinson and Luo, 1991 Table 2.7 Nitrogen Concentration Ranges in the Leachate for Landfill Stabilization Leachate/Gas Constituent Transition Phase Acid Formation Phase TKN (mg/L) 180-860 14-1,970 May be low due to microbial assimilation of nitrogeneous compounds NO3-N (mg/L) 0.1-5.1 Increasing due to oxidation of ammonia 0.05-19 Decreasing due to reduction to NH3 or N2 gas NH3-N (mg/L) 120.125 2-1,030 Increasing due to NO3 reduction and protein breakdown NH3/TKN Ratio 0.1-0.9 0-0.98 Protein breakdown; biological assimilation Nitrogen Gas (%) 70-80 Influence of trapped air 60-80 Decreasing due to dilution with CO2 15 Methane Fermentation Phase 25-82 Low due to microbial assimilation of nitrogeneous compounds Absent Complete conversion to NH3 or N2 gas 6-430 Decreasing due to biological assimilation 0.1-0.84 < 20 Artefact of trapped air; denitrification Final Maturation Phase 7-490 0.5-0.6 6-430 0.5-0.97 > 20 Aerobic metabolism
Page 1 and 2: APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Landfill leachate is a com
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Chapter Title Pag
Page 7 and 8: 4.5.6 Cost Analysis for Operation 1
Page 9 and 10: 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Concentr
Page 11 and 12: 4.16 COD Concentration in the Influ
Page 13 and 14: MWCO Molecular Weight Cut-off MWW M
Page 15 and 16: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 17 and 18: generally unsuccessful in removal o
Page 19 and 20: 2.1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literatu
Page 21 and 22: In the municipal solid waste landfi
Page 23 and 24: COD/TOC, VS/FS and VFA/TOC ratios o
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.3 presents the general leac
Page 27: Ground water 2.7.1 Seasonal Variati
Page 31 and 32: entails the re-circulation of leach
Page 33 and 34: Table 2.8 Summary of Biokinetic Coe
Page 35 and 36: that extensive loss of nitrogen (up
Page 37 and 38: ammonia could only be achieved when
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.10 Treatment Efficiencies o
Page 41 and 42: Activated Carbon Adsorption Granula
Page 43 and 44: Colloidal material as well as metal
Page 45 and 46: iologically, physical-chemical proc
Page 47 and 48: Ammonia Stripping Air stripping of
Page 49 and 50: These systems are land intensive wh
Page 51 and 52: the biological treatment can be rep
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.16 Typical Leachate Composi
Page 55 and 56: influent reached 200 mg/L. For the
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.18 Advantages and Disadvant
Page 59 and 60: through the effluent. Different ope
Page 61 and 62: Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids and D
Page 63 and 64: 2.12 Yeasts 2.12.1 Introduction The
Page 65 and 66: Nishihara ESRC Ltd. (2001) studied
Page 67 and 68: nitrification-denitrification proce
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.1 Composition of Simulated
Page 71 and 72: 3.4.1 Ammonia Toxicity The experime
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.4 Experiments Conducted to
Page 75 and 76: Leachate Option Ammonia Stripping R
Page 77 and 78: MW larger than 50 kDa, (2) MW betwe
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 3.7 Flowchart Showing Ammoni
Page 81 and 82:
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 4.
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COD Removal Effeciency (%) COD Remo
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MLSS (mg/L) 14000 12000 10000 8000
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Specific Growth Rate ( d -1 ) 0.50
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change in the predominant species w
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Table 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Co
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Table 4.5 Substrate Utilization by
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4.3.1 Initial Membrane Resistance P
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when compared with the present stud
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COD Removal Efficiency (%) 90 80 70
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(2) TKN Removal Efficiency Prior to
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As there was no significant improve
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The probable reason for frequent fo
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Ammonia Concentration (mg/L) Ammoni
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concentration after treatment. Othe
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After the chemical cleaning of the
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emoval of 38%. A higher removal in
Page 115 and 116:
Influent BOD (mg/L) Influent BOD (m
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(3) TKN Removal Efficiency The TKN
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Figure 4.34 gives the overall TKN r
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fraction and slowly biodegradable C
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BOD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) 6000 5000 400
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Figure 4.39 Molecular Weight Cut-of
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COD (mg/L) 8000 6000 4000 2000 COD
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Though, the obtained COD removal ef
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cake used on the top of the membran
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Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
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0.02, respectively. This can be con
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References Abeling, U., and Seyfrie
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Brown, M.J., and Lester, J.N., 1980
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Diamadopoulos, E., 1994. Characteri
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Grady, C.P.L., Daigger, G.T., and L
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Keenan, J.D., Steiner, R.L., and Fu
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Martin, G.M.A., Auzmenti, A.I., and
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Pohland, F.G., and Harper, S.R., 19
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Shin, H.S., An, H., Kang, S.T., Cho
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Visvanathan, C., Ben Aim, R., and P
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Appendix A Pictures of Experiments
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Raw Leachate YMBR Effluent BMBR Eff
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Appendix B Leachate Characteristics
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Table B-2 Acclimation of Mixed Yeas
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Appendix C Experimental Data of Bio
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y: Where: OUR at line g: This is th
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Table C-3 Experimental Results for
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Appendix D Membrane Resistance Stud
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Table D-3 Experimental Data for Det
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Table D-4 Experimental Data for Det
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Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) 25 20
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Appendix E MBR without Ammonia Stri
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Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
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Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
Page 183 and 184:
Table E-3 Variation in TMP with Tim
Page 185 and 186:
Appendix F Ammonia Stripping Studie
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Table F-5 Pilot Scale Study on Ammo
Page 189 and 190:
Table G-1 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
Page 191 and 192:
Table G-3 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
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Appendix H Other Studies 179
Page 195 and 196:
Table H-2 Membrane Resistance of th
Page 197:
Table H-6 Chemical Cost for the Yea
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