Thesis - faculty.ait.ac.th - Asian Institute of Technology

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using Fenton’s treatment process which is chemical treatment using strong oxidizing agent like H2O2, FeSO4 and post-AS for COD reduction. The system was able to completely nitrify the ammonia nitrogen with an initial concentration between 1,400 and 1,800 mg/L. COD was reduced from 4,000-7,000 mg/L in the raw leachate to 150-200 mg/L in the effluent. The nitrification process seemed to suggest nitrification via nitrite than nitrate could be more advantageous due to high reaction rate, low organic requirements, low sludge production and low oxygen requirements. The results were in accordance with the hypothesis prescribed by other researchers (Turk and Mavinic, 1989; Abeling and Seyfried, 1992). Welander, et al. (1998) investigated the suspended carrier biofilm process (SCBP) in the biological removal of nitrogen and organic matter from landfill leachate. In the system, COD removal of 20 % with maximum volumetric nitrification and denitrification rates of 24 g N/m 3 .h and 55 g N/m 3 .h, respectively could be achieved. Total nitrogen removal was found to be 90 %. The study by Wetlander, et al. (1998) revealed that nitrification rates could be improved by an attached growth on plastic carrier media. However, this does not imply that nitrification would proportionally increase with an increase in carrier surface area since effective mass transfer of oxygen to the biofilm and choice of media also governs the process. In a study done by Imai, et al. (1993), the feasibility of the simultaneous removal of refractory organic compounds and nitrogen in an “old” landfill leachate was investigated by microorganisms attached activated carbon fluidised bed process (MAACFB). The study was conducted in anaerobic and aerobic fluidised beds arranged in series with a recycling of effluent from the aerobic to the anaerobic reactors for the removal of nitrogen by denitrification. The leachate source was obtained from a co-disposal site of municipal and industrial waste typical of “old” leachate with a biodegradability of less than 0.1 and total nitrogen content of 214 mg/L. The performance of the system indicated a 60 % removal of refractory organic compounds and a 70 % removal of total nitrogen. The review of biological processes highlighted the large space, energy and volume requirements necessary for sequence batch reactors, however their advantage are immunity to shock loading and minimal operator input. Whilst biological processes are able to remove readily biodegradable organics, the non-biodegradable matter remains untreated. Biological nitrification on the other hand, is generally difficult to achieve in landfill leachate due to large amounts of inhibitory substances present in the leachate. Table 2.10 and Table 2.11 present a comparison of different studies with aerobic and anaerobic treatments, respectively. The majority of physical processes are effective in ammonia stripping but have minimal effect on removal of organics. 2.8.2 Physical Treatment Physical processes include activated carbon adsorption, pressure-driven membrane filtration processes, and evaporation. These processes generally cannot be applied successfully to remove the organic material from raw leachate, therefore Pohland and Harper (1985) suggested that reverse osmosis, activated carbon (PAC and GAC) and ion exchange could be more successful when used as a post-treatment for landfill leachate after biological treatment. However, although each process is coupled with biological system, they have a limited application and therefore they can be even more effective when physico-chemical treatment is used as pre and post treatment for biological systems. 24
Table 2.10 Treatment Efficiencies of Different Aerobic Biological Treatment Systems Processes Fill-and-draw batch SBR Aerated lagoon Activated sludge HRT (d) Temperature ( O C) COD Loading (kg/m 3 -d) 25 Initial COD (mg/L) pH BOD/COD Ratio COD Removal (%) Initial NH4-N (mg/L) NH4-H Removal (%) Reference 1-5 23-25 0.5-1.7 3,000-9,000 6.0-8.0 0.5-0.8 30-90 - - Boyle and Ham, 1974 10 22 1.66 16,000 7.6-8.4 0.4 97 TN 280 92-95 Cook and Foree, 1974 5 22 3.32 16,000 8.0 0.4 47 TN 280 58 Cook and Foree, 1974 1 20 0.1 100-150 - - 36-38 100-330 99 Hosomi, et al., 1989 0.5 25 - 5,295 9.1 0.4-0.5 60-68 872 - Dollerer and Wilderer, 1996 3.2 - 0.69 2,200 6.8-7.1 0.46 95 35 >99 Zaloum and Abbott, 1997 20 - 0.62 12,400 - 0.4 91 179 >99 Zaloum and Abbott, 1997 8.5 20-25 - 1,690 - 0.05 - 616 >99 Fisher and Fell, 1999 0-20 99 Robinson and Maris, 1985 20 10 0.06 1,200 - 0.2 41 370 90 Robinson and Maris, 1985 0.3 - - 250-1,200 - - 85-90 - - Schuk and James, 1986 31 15-18 0.4 12,500 - 0.6 93-96 - - Avezzu, et al., 1992 RBC 2.9 - 2.8 9,300 - 0.7 86 - - Vicevic, et al., 1992
Page 1 and 2: APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Landfill leachate is a com
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Chapter Title Pag
Page 7 and 8: 4.5.6 Cost Analysis for Operation 1
Page 9 and 10: 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Concentr
Page 11 and 12: 4.16 COD Concentration in the Influ
Page 13 and 14: MWCO Molecular Weight Cut-off MWW M
Page 15 and 16: 1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
Page 17 and 18: generally unsuccessful in removal o
Page 19 and 20: 2.1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literatu
Page 21 and 22: In the municipal solid waste landfi
Page 23 and 24: COD/TOC, VS/FS and VFA/TOC ratios o
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.3 presents the general leac
Page 27 and 28: Ground water 2.7.1 Seasonal Variati
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.5 Variation of COD, BOD & B
Page 31 and 32: entails the re-circulation of leach
Page 33 and 34: Table 2.8 Summary of Biokinetic Coe
Page 35 and 36: that extensive loss of nitrogen (up
Page 37: ammonia could only be achieved when
Page 41 and 42: Activated Carbon Adsorption Granula
Page 43 and 44: Colloidal material as well as metal
Page 45 and 46: iologically, physical-chemical proc
Page 47 and 48: Ammonia Stripping Air stripping of
Page 49 and 50: These systems are land intensive wh
Page 51 and 52: the biological treatment can be rep
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.16 Typical Leachate Composi
Page 55 and 56: influent reached 200 mg/L. For the
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.18 Advantages and Disadvant
Page 59 and 60: through the effluent. Different ope
Page 61 and 62: Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids and D
Page 63 and 64: 2.12 Yeasts 2.12.1 Introduction The
Page 65 and 66: Nishihara ESRC Ltd. (2001) studied
Page 67 and 68: nitrification-denitrification proce
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.1 Composition of Simulated
Page 71 and 72: 3.4.1 Ammonia Toxicity The experime
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.4 Experiments Conducted to
Page 75 and 76: Leachate Option Ammonia Stripping R
Page 77 and 78: MW larger than 50 kDa, (2) MW betwe
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.7 Flowchart Showing Ammoni
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 4.
Page 83 and 84: COD Removal Effeciency (%) COD Remo
Page 85 and 86: MLSS (mg/L) 14000 12000 10000 8000
Page 87 and 88: Specific Growth Rate ( d -1 ) 0.50
Page 89 and 90:
change in the predominant species w
Page 91 and 92:
Table 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Co
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Table 4.5 Substrate Utilization by
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4.3.1 Initial Membrane Resistance P
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when compared with the present stud
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COD Removal Efficiency (%) 90 80 70
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(2) TKN Removal Efficiency Prior to
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As there was no significant improve
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The probable reason for frequent fo
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Ammonia Concentration (mg/L) Ammoni
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concentration after treatment. Othe
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After the chemical cleaning of the
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emoval of 38%. A higher removal in
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Influent BOD (mg/L) Influent BOD (m
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(3) TKN Removal Efficiency The TKN
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Figure 4.34 gives the overall TKN r
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fraction and slowly biodegradable C
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BOD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) 6000 5000 400
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Figure 4.39 Molecular Weight Cut-of
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COD (mg/L) 8000 6000 4000 2000 COD
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Though, the obtained COD removal ef
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cake used on the top of the membran
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Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
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0.02, respectively. This can be con
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References Abeling, U., and Seyfrie
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Brown, M.J., and Lester, J.N., 1980
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Diamadopoulos, E., 1994. Characteri
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Grady, C.P.L., Daigger, G.T., and L
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Keenan, J.D., Steiner, R.L., and Fu
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Martin, G.M.A., Auzmenti, A.I., and
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Pohland, F.G., and Harper, S.R., 19
Page 151 and 152:
Shin, H.S., An, H., Kang, S.T., Cho
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Visvanathan, C., Ben Aim, R., and P
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Appendix A Pictures of Experiments
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Raw Leachate YMBR Effluent BMBR Eff
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Appendix B Leachate Characteristics
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Table B-2 Acclimation of Mixed Yeas
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Appendix C Experimental Data of Bio
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y: Where: OUR at line g: This is th
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Table C-3 Experimental Results for
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Appendix D Membrane Resistance Stud
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Table D-3 Experimental Data for Det
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Table D-4 Experimental Data for Det
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Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) 25 20
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Appendix E MBR without Ammonia Stri
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Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
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Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
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Table E-3 Variation in TMP with Tim
Page 185 and 186:
Appendix F Ammonia Stripping Studie
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Table F-5 Pilot Scale Study on Ammo
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Table G-1 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
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Table G-3 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
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Appendix H Other Studies 179
Page 195 and 196:
Table H-2 Membrane Resistance of th
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Table H-6 Chemical Cost for the Yea
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