Thesis - faculty.ait.ac.th - Asian Institute of Technology

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% Inhibition . 100 80 60 40 20 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Concentration of Soluble Lead (mg/L) Figure 4.11 Inhibition Effect of Lead in Yeast Sludge In the bacterial system, 50% inhibition occurred at a concentration approximately 3 mg/L. The toxicity effects to both marine and freshwater invertebrates have been recorded at the concentrations range between 0.5 and 5.0 mg/L (Oladimeji and Offem, 1989), whereas it was between 2 and 6 mg/L for the activated sludge process (Madoni, et al., 1996). Madoni, et al. (1999) also found that the microbial activity in an activated sludge plant treating wastewater containing 3.5 to 9.2 mg/L of soluble lead could be adversely affected. The higher concentrations of soluble lead applied in the experiments point out the higher resilience of bacteria in the presence of lead. 4.3 Application of Yeast and Bacteria Based Membrane Bioreactors in Leachate Treatment Landfill leachate treatment is a complex task due to the highly variable waste landfilled, the type and design of the landfill, landfill age and climatic and seasonal variations in different regions. Hence, rather than recommending treatment options based on specific factors, it would be necessary to consider landfill age as a unique case. Medium-aged landfill leachate is characterized by a high COD and ammonia content with a relatively lower BOD. Leachate treatment systems in recent years are sophisticated, reliable and are able to consistently treat leachate to keep up the specific discharge standards (Robinson, 1999). One such treatment technique is the membrane bioreactors. Membrane reactor in recent years has been proved to be effective and economically feasible for treatment of various kinds of toxic wastewaters. Moreover, industrial utilization of the MBR has worked successfully for treating complex wastes like landfill leachates and cosmetic wastewaters (Manem, 1993; Mandra, et al., 1995). In the present study, initially performance of the membrane bioreactors have been evaluated without any pre-treatment based on various factors such as removal efficiency of TKN and COD, membrane fouling, etc. 80
4.3.1 Initial Membrane Resistance Prior to starting up the experiment, it is necessary to measure the membrane resistance to understand the filtration capacity of the membrane and the change in the resistance after fouling. The linear flux variation along with the applied pressure was obtained by varying the flow rate. The detailed experimental data is presented in Table D-1 and D-2 of Appendix D for the bacterial based membrane bioreactor (BMBR) and yeast based membrane bioreactor (YMBR), respectively. The graph showing linear flux of the membrane reactors are represented in Figure 4.12. Membrane permeate flux was measured by weighing permeate with the electronic balance. Initial membrane resistance was determined from the relationship between flux and applied pressure as follows: Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Figure 4.12 Variation in Transmembrane Pressure with Permeate Flux (a) YMBR and (b) BMBR 81 y = 0.1609x + 1.0378 R 2 = 0.9984 0 50 100 150 200 Flux (L/m 2 .h) (a) y = 0.1521x + 0.5234 R 2 = 0.9988 0 50 100 150 200 Flux (L/m 2 .h) (b)
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APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR
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Abstract Landfill leachate is a com
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Table of Contents Chapter Title Pag
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4.5.6 Cost Analysis for Operation 1
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4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Concentr
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4.16 COD Concentration in the Influ
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MWCO Molecular Weight Cut-off MWW M
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1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
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generally unsuccessful in removal o
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2.1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literatu
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In the municipal solid waste landfi
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COD/TOC, VS/FS and VFA/TOC ratios o
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Table 2.3 presents the general leac
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Ground water 2.7.1 Seasonal Variati
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Table 2.5 Variation of COD, BOD & B
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entails the re-circulation of leach
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Table 2.8 Summary of Biokinetic Coe
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that extensive loss of nitrogen (up
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ammonia could only be achieved when
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Table 2.10 Treatment Efficiencies o
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Activated Carbon Adsorption Granula
Page 43 and 44: Colloidal material as well as metal
Page 45 and 46: iologically, physical-chemical proc
Page 47 and 48: Ammonia Stripping Air stripping of
Page 49 and 50: These systems are land intensive wh
Page 51 and 52: the biological treatment can be rep
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.16 Typical Leachate Composi
Page 55 and 56: influent reached 200 mg/L. For the
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.18 Advantages and Disadvant
Page 59 and 60: through the effluent. Different ope
Page 61 and 62: Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids and D
Page 63 and 64: 2.12 Yeasts 2.12.1 Introduction The
Page 65 and 66: Nishihara ESRC Ltd. (2001) studied
Page 67 and 68: nitrification-denitrification proce
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.1 Composition of Simulated
Page 71 and 72: 3.4.1 Ammonia Toxicity The experime
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.4 Experiments Conducted to
Page 75 and 76: Leachate Option Ammonia Stripping R
Page 77 and 78: MW larger than 50 kDa, (2) MW betwe
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.7 Flowchart Showing Ammoni
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 4.
Page 83 and 84: COD Removal Effeciency (%) COD Remo
Page 85 and 86: MLSS (mg/L) 14000 12000 10000 8000
Page 87 and 88: Specific Growth Rate ( d -1 ) 0.50
Page 89 and 90: change in the predominant species w
Page 91 and 92: Table 4.4 Effect of Free Ammonia Co
Page 93: Table 4.5 Substrate Utilization by
Page 97 and 98: when compared with the present stud
Page 99 and 100: COD Removal Efficiency (%) 90 80 70
Page 101 and 102: (2) TKN Removal Efficiency Prior to
Page 103 and 104: As there was no significant improve
Page 105 and 106: The probable reason for frequent fo
Page 107 and 108: Ammonia Concentration (mg/L) Ammoni
Page 109 and 110: concentration after treatment. Othe
Page 111 and 112: After the chemical cleaning of the
Page 113 and 114: emoval of 38%. A higher removal in
Page 115 and 116: Influent BOD (mg/L) Influent BOD (m
Page 117 and 118: (3) TKN Removal Efficiency The TKN
Page 119 and 120: Figure 4.34 gives the overall TKN r
Page 121 and 122: fraction and slowly biodegradable C
Page 123 and 124: BOD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) 6000 5000 400
Page 125 and 126: Figure 4.39 Molecular Weight Cut-of
Page 127 and 128: COD (mg/L) 8000 6000 4000 2000 COD
Page 129 and 130: Though, the obtained COD removal ef
Page 131 and 132: cake used on the top of the membran
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 135 and 136: 0.02, respectively. This can be con
Page 137 and 138: References Abeling, U., and Seyfrie
Page 139 and 140: Brown, M.J., and Lester, J.N., 1980
Page 141 and 142: Diamadopoulos, E., 1994. Characteri
Page 143 and 144: Grady, C.P.L., Daigger, G.T., and L
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Keenan, J.D., Steiner, R.L., and Fu
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Martin, G.M.A., Auzmenti, A.I., and
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Pohland, F.G., and Harper, S.R., 19
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Shin, H.S., An, H., Kang, S.T., Cho
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Visvanathan, C., Ben Aim, R., and P
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Appendix A Pictures of Experiments
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Raw Leachate YMBR Effluent BMBR Eff
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Appendix B Leachate Characteristics
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Table B-2 Acclimation of Mixed Yeas
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Appendix C Experimental Data of Bio
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y: Where: OUR at line g: This is th
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Table C-3 Experimental Results for
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Appendix D Membrane Resistance Stud
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Table D-3 Experimental Data for Det
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Table D-4 Experimental Data for Det
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Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) 25 20
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Appendix E MBR without Ammonia Stri
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Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
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Day HRT (h) pH COD (mg/L) Feed Reac
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Table E-3 Variation in TMP with Tim
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Appendix F Ammonia Stripping Studie
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Table F-5 Pilot Scale Study on Ammo
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Table G-1 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
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Table G-3 Feed, Reactor and Effluen
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Appendix H Other Studies 179
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Table H-2 Membrane Resistance of th
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Table H-6 Chemical Cost for the Yea
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