credits bmbl December 7 '06.doc - Central Michigan University

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Agent Summary Statements – Bacterial Agents Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex includes M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti that cause tuberculosis in humans, and more recently recognized M. caprae and M. pinnipedii that have been isolated from animals. M. tuberculosis grows slowly, requiring three weeks for formation of colonies on solid media. The organism has a thick, lipid-rich cell wall that renders bacilli resistant to harsh treatments including alkali and detergents and allows them to stain acid-fast. Occupational Infections M. tuberculosis and M. bovis infections are a proven hazard to laboratory personnel as well as others who may be exposed to infectious aerosols in the laboratory, autopsy rooms, and other healthcare facilities. 4,26,103-105 The incidence of tuberculosis in laboratory personnel working with M. tuberculosis has been reported to be three times higher than that of those not working with the agent. 106 Naturally or experimentally infected NHP are a proven source of human infection. 107 Experimentally infected guinea pigs or mice do not pose the same hazard because droplet nuclei are not produced by coughing in these species; however, litter from infected animal cages may become contaminated and serve as a source of infectious aerosols. Natural Mode of Infection M. tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of tuberculosis, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Persons infected with M. tuberculosis can develop active disease within months of infection or can remain latently infected and develop disease later in life. The primary focus of infection is the lungs, but most other organs can be involved. HIV infection is a serious risk factor for development of active disease. Tuberculosis is spread by infectious aerosols produced by coughing. M. bovis is primarily found in animals but also can produce tuberculosis in humans. It is spread to humans, primarily children, by consumption of non-pasteurized milk and milk products, by handling of infected carcasses, and by inhalation. Human-to-human transmission via aerosols also is possible. LABORATORY SAFETY Tubercle bacilli may be present in sputum, gastric lavage fluids, CSF, urine, and in a variety of tissues. Exposure to laboratory-generated aerosols is the most important hazard encountered. Tubercle bacilli may survive in heat-fixed smears 108 and may be aerosolized in the preparation of frozen sections and during manipulation of liquid cultures. Because of the low infective dose of M. tuberculosis (i.e., ID50
Agent Summary Statements – Bacterial Agents Containment Recommendations BSL-2 practices and procedures, containment equipment, and facilities are required for non-aerosol-producing manipulations of clinical specimens such as preparation of acid-fast smears. All aerosol-generating activities must be conducted in a BSC. Use of a slide-warming tray, rather than a flame, is recommended for fixation of slides. Liquifaction and concentration of sputa for acid-fast staining may be conducted safely on the open bench by first treating the specimen in a BSC with an equal volume of 5% sodium hypochlorite solution (undiluted household bleach) and waiting 15 minutes before processing. 109,110 BSL-3 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are required for laboratory activities in the propagation and manipulation of cultures of any of the subspecies of the M. tuberculosis complex and for animal studies using experimentally or naturally infected NHP. Animal studies using guinea pigs or mice can be conducted at ABSL-2. 111 BSL-3 practices should include the use of respiratory protection and the implementation of specific procedures and use of specialized equipment to prevent and contain aerosols. Disinfectants proven to be tuberculocidal should be used. See Appendix B for additional information. Manipulation of small quantities of the attenuated vaccine strain M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can be performed at BSL-2 in laboratories that do not culture M. tuberculosis and do not have BSL-3 facilities. However, considerable care must be exercised to verify the identity of the strain and to ensure that cultures are not contaminated with virulent M. tuberculosis or other M. bovis strains. Selection of an appropriate tuberculocidal disinfectant is an important consideration for laboratories working with mycobacteria. See Appendix B for additional information. SPECIAL ISSUES Surveillance Annual or semi-annual skin testing with purified protein derivative (PPD) of previously skin-test-negative personnel can be used as a surveillance procedure. Vaccines The attenuated live BCG, is available and used in other countries but is not used in the United States for immunization. Transfer of Agent Importation of this agent may require CDC and/or USDA importation permits. Domestic transport of this agent may require a permit from USDA/APHIS/VS. A DoC permit may be required for the export of this agent to another country. See Appendix C for additional information. Agent: Mycobacterium spp. other than M. tuberculosis complex and M. leprae More than 100 species of mycobacteria are recognized. These include both slowly growing and rapidly growing species. In the past, mycobacterial isolates that were not 161
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Bi
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SECTION VIII-H: Prion Diseases 299
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Forward Biosafety in Microbiologica
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Editors: L. Casey Chosewood, MD Dir
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Guest Editors: Matthew J. Arduino,
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Charles B. Millard, PhD Lieutenant
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Robert Bull Karen B. Byers Jane Cap
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Thomas L. Miller Douglas M. Moore M
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Robert Yarchoan Uri Yokel Lisa Youn
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Introduction laboratories chose not
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Introduction RISK CRITERIA FOR ESTA
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Introduction BMBL includes an impor
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Section II Biological Risk Assessme
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Biological Risk Assessment informat
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Biological Risk Assessment The NIH
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Biological Risk Assessment effectiv
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Biological Risk Assessment Third, m
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Biological Risk Assessment 14. Oxma
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Principles of Biosafety Safety equi
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Principles of Biosafety Often an in
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Principles of Biosafety Four standa
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Principles of Biosafety 4. Centers
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Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
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Section V Vertebrate Animal Biosafe
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Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
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Page 109 and 110: Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
Page 119 and 120: TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOS
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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• Section VIII-E: Viral Agents Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Viral Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Arboviru
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• Section VIII-G: Toxin Agents Se
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins i
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins A
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins L
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• Section VIII-H: Prion Diseases
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Agent Summary Statement - Prion Dis
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Appendix A Proper maintenance of ca
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Appendix A declined. However, in ma
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Appendix A It is possible to exhaus
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Appendix A 4. The Class II, Type A2
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Appendix A prohibited. Furthermore,
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Appendix A plastic wrappers, pipett
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Appendix A touch-plate microburners
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Appendix A SECTION VI FACILITY AND
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Appendix A Development of Containme
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Appendix A C. Airflow Smoke Pattern
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Appendix A TABLES Table 1. Selectio
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Appendix A Table 3. Field Performan
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Appendix A FIGURES Figure 1. HEPA f
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Appendix A Figure 3. The Class II,
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Appendix A Figure 5B. The Class II,
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Appendix A Figure 8. The Class III
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Appendix A Figure 9B. The vertical
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Appendix A Figure 11. A typical lay
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Appendix A REFERENCES 1. Centers fo
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Appendix B Decontamination and Disi
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Appendix B surfaces are contaminate
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Appendix B TABLE 1 DESCENDING ORDER
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Appendix B dioxide gas exits the ge
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Appendix B d The effectiveness of a
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Appendix C Transportation of Infect
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Appendix C 1600 Clifton Road, N.E.,
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Appendix C disease in humans or in
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Appendix C Biological specimen, Cat
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Appendix D Agriculture Pathogen Bio
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Appendix D simultaneous opening of
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Appendix D 14. Pathological inciner
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Appendix D Wastes and other materia
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Appendix D Camelpox virus b a, b, c
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Appendix D SPECIAL ISSUES The impor
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Appendix D required by the USDA and
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Appendix D depression, anorexia, an
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Appendix D laboratory with enhancem
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Appendix D five day period of conta
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Appendix D slaughterhouses or indus
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Appendix D virus does not cause any
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Appendix D NDV is classified in the
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Appendix D movement permit is requi
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Appendix D Spring Viremia of Carp V
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Appendix D REFERENCES 1. Hess WR. A
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Appendix D 37. Alexander DJ. Newcas
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Appendix E Arthropod Containment Gu
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Appendix F Select Agents and Toxins
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Appendix G IPM issues and requireme
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Appendix H Working with Human, NHP
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Appendix I Guidelines for Work with
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decontaminated periodically, for ex
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0.25N, and/or sodium hypochlorite (
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k Irradiation causes a dose-depende
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7. Morin R, Kozlovac J. Biological
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Appendix J NIH Oversight of Researc
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Appendix K Resources for Informatio
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Appendix K E-mail: http://www2.gsu.
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Appendix K and http://www.who.int/c
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Appendix L HEPA High Efficiency Par
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