credits bmbl December 7 '06.doc - Central Michigan University

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Appendix D The primary natural mode of transmission is by Culicoides midges. Only a few of more than 1,000 species of Culicoides transmit BTV. A strong correlation between the vector species and the associated BTV suggests these viruses may have adapted to their local vector. Thus, BTV does not exist in areas such as the Northeast United States where the local Culicoides fails to transmit BTV. Virus is present in semen at peak of viremia, but this is not considered a major route of transmission. Because of the prolonged viremia, iatrogenic transmission is possible. Only modified-live (attenuated) virus vaccines are available and a vaccine for only one serotype is currently available in the United States. LABORATORY SAFETY BTV is not known to cause disease in humans under any conditions. BTV commonly enters the laboratory in blood samples. The virus is stable at -70°C and in blood or washed blood cells held at 4°C. Sera prepared from viremic animals may represent some risk if introduced parenterally into naive animals. Blood, sera, and bovine semen can carry BTV across disease control boundaries. Containment Recommendations The most significant threat from BTV occurs when virus is inoculated parenterally into naive animals. If appropriate Culicoides are present, virus can be transmitted to other hosts. Therefore, BTV-infected animals must be controlled for the two-month period of viremia and protected against Culicoides by physical means and/or performing experiments at least two months before local Culicoides emerge. Thus, BTV exotic to the United States should only be handled in vitro in a BSL-3 laboratory with enhancements as required by the USDA and in vivo in a USDA-approved ABSL-3 with enhancements. Special consideration should be given to infected vector containment. Special containment is only needed when working with serotypes of BTV that are exotic to the country or locality. BTV on laboratory surfaces is susceptible to 95% ethanol and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution. SPECIAL ISSUES The importation, possession, or use of this agent is prohibited or restricted by law or by USDA regulations or administrative policies. A USDA/APHIS import or interstate movement permit is required to obtain this agent or any livestock or poultry product, such as blood, serum, or other tissues containing the agent. Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) Classical swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease of swine that occurs worldwide in an acute, a subacute, a chronic, or a persistent form. 10-12 In the acute form, the disease is characterized by high fever, severe depression, multiple superficial and internal hemorrhages, and high morbidity and mortality. In the chronic form, the signs of 376
Appendix D depression, anorexia, and fever are less severe than in the acute form, and recovery is occasionally seen in mature animals. Transplacental infection with viral strains of low virulence often results in persistently infected piglets, which constitute a major cause of virus dissemination to noninfected farms. Although minor antigenic variants of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) have been reported, there is only one serotype. Hog cholera virus is a lipid-enveloped pathogen belonging to the family Flaviviridae, genus Pestivirus. The organism has a close antigenic relationship with the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and the border disease virus (BDV). In a protein-rich environment, hog cholera virus is very stable and can survive for months in refrigerated meat and for years in frozen meat. The virus is sensitive to drying (desiccation) and is rapidly inactivated by a pH of less than 3 and greater than 11. The pig is the only natural reservoir of CSFV. Blood, tissues, secretions and excretions from an infected animal contain virus. Transmission occurs mostly by the oral route, though infection can occur through the conjunctiva, mucous membrane, skin abrasion, insemination, and percutaneous blood transfer (e.g., common needle, contaminated instruments). Airborne transmission is not thought to be important in the epizootiology of classical swine fever. Introduction of infected pigs is the principal source of infection in classical swine fever-free herds. Farming activities such as auction sales, livestock shows, visits by feed dealers, and rendering trucks also are potential sources of contagion. Feeding of raw or insufficiently cooked garbage is a potent source of hog cholera virus. During the warm season, insect vectors common to the farm environment may spread hog cholera virus mechanically. There is no evidence, however, that hog cholera virus replicates in invertebrate vectors. LABORATORY SAFETY Humans being are not susceptible to infection by CSFV. The greatest risk of working with these viruses is the escape of the organism into susceptible domestic or feral pig populations, which would necessitate USDA emergency procedures to contain and eradicate the diseases. Containment Recommendations The virus is considered cause of a foreign animal disease in the United States. Due to the highly contagious nature of the agent and the severe economic consequences of disease presence in the United States, this organism should only be handled in vitro in a BSL-3 laboratory with enhancements as required by the USDA and in vivo in a USDAapproved BSL-3-Ag animal facility. Laboratory workers should have no contact with susceptible hosts for five days after working with the agent. SPECIAL ISSUES The importation, possession, or use of this agent is prohibited or restricted by law or by USDA regulations or administrative policies. A USDA/APHIS import or interstate 377
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Bi
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SECTION VIII-H: Prion Diseases 299
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Forward Biosafety in Microbiologica
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Editors: L. Casey Chosewood, MD Dir
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Guest Editors: Matthew J. Arduino,
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Charles B. Millard, PhD Lieutenant
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Robert Bull Karen B. Byers Jane Cap
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Thomas L. Miller Douglas M. Moore M
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Robert Yarchoan Uri Yokel Lisa Youn
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Introduction laboratories chose not
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Introduction RISK CRITERIA FOR ESTA
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Introduction BMBL includes an impor
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Section II Biological Risk Assessme
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Biological Risk Assessment informat
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Biological Risk Assessment The NIH
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Biological Risk Assessment effectiv
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Biological Risk Assessment Third, m
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Biological Risk Assessment 14. Oxma
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Principles of Biosafety Safety equi
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Principles of Biosafety Often an in
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Principles of Biosafety Four standa
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Principles of Biosafety 4. Centers
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Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
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Section V Vertebrate Animal Biosafe
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Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOS
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Principles of Laboratory Biosecurit
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Occupational Health and Immunoproph
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Agent Summary Statements - Bacteria
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• Section VIII-B: Fungal Agents A
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Agent Summary Statements - Fungal A
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• Section VIII-C: Parasitic Agent
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Agent Summary Statements - Parasiti
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• Section VIII-D: Rickettsial Age
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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• Section VIII-E: Viral Agents Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Viral Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins A
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• Section VIII-H: Prion Diseases
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Agent Summary Statement - Prion Dis
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Appendix A Proper maintenance of ca
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Appendix A declined. However, in ma
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Appendix A It is possible to exhaus
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Appendix A 4. The Class II, Type A2
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Appendix A prohibited. Furthermore,
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Appendix A plastic wrappers, pipett
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Appendix A touch-plate microburners
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Appendix A SECTION VI FACILITY AND
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Appendix A Development of Containme
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Page 329 and 330: Appendix A Table 3. Field Performan
Page 331 and 332: Appendix A FIGURES Figure 1. HEPA f
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Page 337 and 338: Appendix A Figure 8. The Class III
Page 339 and 340: Appendix A Figure 9B. The vertical
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Page 343 and 344: Appendix A REFERENCES 1. Centers fo
Page 345 and 346: Appendix B Decontamination and Disi
Page 347 and 348: Appendix B surfaces are contaminate
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Page 353 and 354: Appendix B d The effectiveness of a
Page 355 and 356: Appendix C Transportation of Infect
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Page 363 and 364: Appendix D Agriculture Pathogen Bio
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Page 367 and 368: Appendix D 14. Pathological inciner
Page 369 and 370: Appendix D Wastes and other materia
Page 371 and 372: Appendix D Camelpox virus b a, b, c
Page 373 and 374: Appendix D SPECIAL ISSUES The impor
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Page 393 and 394: Appendix D REFERENCES 1. Hess WR. A
Page 395 and 396: Appendix D 37. Alexander DJ. Newcas
Page 397 and 398: Appendix E Arthropod Containment Gu
Page 399 and 400: Appendix F Select Agents and Toxins
Page 401 and 402: Appendix G IPM issues and requireme
Page 403 and 404: Appendix H Working with Human, NHP
Page 405 and 406: Appendix I Guidelines for Work with
Page 407 and 408: decontaminated periodically, for ex
Page 409 and 410: 0.25N, and/or sodium hypochlorite (
Page 411 and 412: k Irradiation causes a dose-depende
Page 413 and 414: 7. Morin R, Kozlovac J. Biological
Page 415 and 416: Appendix J NIH Oversight of Researc
Page 417 and 418: Appendix K Resources for Informatio
Page 419 and 420: Appendix K E-mail: http://www2.gsu.
Page 421 and 422: Appendix K and http://www.who.int/c
Page 423 and 424: Appendix L HEPA High Efficiency Par
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