credits bmbl December 7 '06.doc - Central Michigan University

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Appendix A 17. Barbeito M, West, D, editors. Laboratory ventilation for hazard control. Proceedings of a Cancer Research Safety Symposium; l976 Oct 21-22; Frederick, MD: Litton Bionetics, Inc.; 1976. 18. National Cancer Institute Safety Standards for Research Involving Chemical Carcinogens. Bethesda: The National Institutes of Health (US), National Cancer Institute; 1975. 19. Anderson RE, Stein L, Moss ML, et al. Potential infectious hazards of bacteriological techniques. J Bacteriol. 1952;64:473-81. 20. Baker Company. Factors to consider before selecting a laminar flow biological safety cabinet. Sanford (ME): Baker Company; 1993. 21. Jones R, Drake J, Eagleson D. 1993. US hydrogen peroxide vapor to decontaminate biological cabinets. Acumen. 1993;1:1. 22. Jones R, Stuart D, Large S, et al. 1993. Cycle parameters for decontaminating a biological safety cabinet using H2O2 vapor. Acumen, 1993;1:2. 23. Jones R, Stuart D, PhD, Large S, et al. Decontamination of a HEPA filter using hydrogen peroxide vapor. Acumen. 1993;1:3. 24. Fox D, editor. Proceedings of the National Cancer Institute symposium on design of biomedical research facilities. Monograph series. Volume 4; l979 Oct l8-l9; Frederick, MD: Litton Bionetics, Inc.; 1979. 25. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE). Laboratories. In: ASHRAE Handbook, 1982 Applications. Atlanta (GA): ASHRAE; 1982. 26. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Services (ARS). ARS construction project design standard manual, 242.1. Beltsville (MD): USDA; 1991. 27. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Industrial ventilation, a manual of recommended practice. Cincinnati (OH): ACGIH; 1998. 28. Jones RL, Jr., Stuart DG, Eagleson D, et al. The effects of changing intake and supply air flow on biological safety performance. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 1990;5:370. 29. Jones RL, Jr., Stuart DG, Eagleson, D, et al. Effects of ceiling height on determining calculated intake air velocities for biological safety cabinets. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 1991;6:683. 30. Rake BW. Influence of cross drafts on the performance of a biological safety cabinet. Appl Env Microbiol. 1978;36:278-83. 31. Specifications for general purpose clean air biological safety cabinet. Bethesda: The National Institutes of Health (US), National Cancer Institute; 1973. 32. Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Clean rooms and Clean Zones, Federal Standard No. 209E. (1992). 33. Clean Room and Work Station Requirements, Controlled Environment, Federal Standard No. 209B. (1973). 344
Appendix B Decontamination and Disinfection This section describes basic strategies for decontaminating surfaces, items, and areas in laboratories to eliminate the possibility of transmission of infectious agents to laboratory workers, the general public, and the environment. Factors necessary for environmentally mediated infection transmission are reviewed as well as methods for sterilization and disinfection and the levels of antimicrobial activity associated with liquid chemical germicides. General approaches are emphasized, not detailed protocols and methods. The principles of sterilization and disinfection are stated and compared. ENVIRONMENTALLY MEDIATED INFECTION TRANSMISSION Environmentally associated laboratory infections can be transmitted directly or indirectly from environmental sources (e.g., air, contaminated fomites and laboratory instruments, and aerosols) to laboratory staff. Fortunately, LAI are rare events 1 because there are a number of requirements necessary for environmental transmission to occur. 2 Commonly referred to as the “chain of infection” they include: presence of a pathogen of sufficient virulence, relatively high concentration of the pathogen (i.e., infectious dose), and a mechanism of transmission of the pathogen from environment to the host, a correct portal of entry to a susceptible host. To accomplish successful transmission from an environmental source, all of these requirements for the “chain of infection” must be present. The absence of any one element will prevent transmission. Additionally, the pathogen in question must overcome environmental stresses to retain viability, virulence, and the capability to initiate infection in the host. In the laboratory setting, high concentrations of pathogens can be common Reduction of environmental microbial contamination by conventional cleaning procedures is often enough to prevent environmentally mediated transmission. However, it is the general practice in laboratories to use sterilization methods to remove the potential for infection transmission. PRINCIPLES OF STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION In order to implement a laboratory biosafety program it is important to understand the principles of decontamination, cleaning, sterilization, and disinfection. We review here the definitions of sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, decontamination, and sanitization to avoid misuse and confusion. The definitions and implied capabilities of each inactivation procedure are discussed with an emphasis on achievement and, in some cases, monitoring of each state. Sterilization Any item, device, or solution is considered to be sterile when it is completely free of all living microorganisms and viruses. The definition is categorical and absolute (i.e., 345
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Bi
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SECTION VIII-H: Prion Diseases 299
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Forward Biosafety in Microbiologica
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Editors: L. Casey Chosewood, MD Dir
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Guest Editors: Matthew J. Arduino,
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Charles B. Millard, PhD Lieutenant
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Robert Bull Karen B. Byers Jane Cap
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Thomas L. Miller Douglas M. Moore M
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Robert Yarchoan Uri Yokel Lisa Youn
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Introduction laboratories chose not
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Introduction RISK CRITERIA FOR ESTA
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Introduction BMBL includes an impor
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Section II Biological Risk Assessme
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Biological Risk Assessment informat
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Biological Risk Assessment The NIH
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Biological Risk Assessment effectiv
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Biological Risk Assessment Third, m
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Biological Risk Assessment 14. Oxma
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Principles of Biosafety Safety equi
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Principles of Biosafety Often an in
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Principles of Biosafety Four standa
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Principles of Biosafety 4. Centers
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Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
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Section V Vertebrate Animal Biosafe
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Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOS
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Principles of Laboratory Biosecurit
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Occupational Health and Immunoproph
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Agent Summary Statements - Bacteria
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• Section VIII-B: Fungal Agents A
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Agent Summary Statements - Fungal A
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• Section VIII-C: Parasitic Agent
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Agent Summary Statements - Parasiti
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• Section VIII-D: Rickettsial Age
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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• Section VIII-E: Viral Agents Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Viral Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Arboviru
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• Section VIII-G: Toxin Agents Se
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins A
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Page 307 and 308: Appendix A Proper maintenance of ca
Page 309 and 310: Appendix A declined. However, in ma
Page 311 and 312: Appendix A It is possible to exhaus
Page 313 and 314: Appendix A 4. The Class II, Type A2
Page 315 and 316: Appendix A prohibited. Furthermore,
Page 317 and 318: Appendix A plastic wrappers, pipett
Page 319 and 320: Appendix A touch-plate microburners
Page 321 and 322: Appendix A SECTION VI FACILITY AND
Page 323 and 324: Appendix A Development of Containme
Page 325 and 326: Appendix A C. Airflow Smoke Pattern
Page 327 and 328: Appendix A TABLES Table 1. Selectio
Page 329 and 330: Appendix A Table 3. Field Performan
Page 331 and 332: Appendix A FIGURES Figure 1. HEPA f
Page 333 and 334: Appendix A Figure 3. The Class II,
Page 335 and 336: Appendix A Figure 5B. The Class II,
Page 337 and 338: Appendix A Figure 8. The Class III
Page 339 and 340: Appendix A Figure 9B. The vertical
Page 341 and 342: Appendix A Figure 11. A typical lay
Page 343: Appendix A REFERENCES 1. Centers fo
Page 347 and 348: Appendix B surfaces are contaminate
Page 349 and 350: Appendix B TABLE 1 DESCENDING ORDER
Page 351 and 352: Appendix B dioxide gas exits the ge
Page 353 and 354: Appendix B d The effectiveness of a
Page 355 and 356: Appendix C Transportation of Infect
Page 357 and 358: Appendix C 1600 Clifton Road, N.E.,
Page 359 and 360: Appendix C disease in humans or in
Page 361 and 362: Appendix C Biological specimen, Cat
Page 363 and 364: Appendix D Agriculture Pathogen Bio
Page 365 and 366: Appendix D simultaneous opening of
Page 367 and 368: Appendix D 14. Pathological inciner
Page 369 and 370: Appendix D Wastes and other materia
Page 371 and 372: Appendix D Camelpox virus b a, b, c
Page 373 and 374: Appendix D SPECIAL ISSUES The impor
Page 375 and 376: Appendix D required by the USDA and
Page 377 and 378: Appendix D depression, anorexia, an
Page 379 and 380: Appendix D laboratory with enhancem
Page 381 and 382: Appendix D five day period of conta
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Page 385 and 386: Appendix D virus does not cause any
Page 387 and 388: Appendix D NDV is classified in the
Page 389 and 390: Appendix D movement permit is requi
Page 391 and 392: Appendix D Spring Viremia of Carp V
Page 393 and 394: Appendix D REFERENCES 1. Hess WR. A
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Appendix D 37. Alexander DJ. Newcas
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Appendix E Arthropod Containment Gu
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Appendix F Select Agents and Toxins
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Appendix G IPM issues and requireme
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Appendix H Working with Human, NHP
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Appendix I Guidelines for Work with
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decontaminated periodically, for ex
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0.25N, and/or sodium hypochlorite (
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k Irradiation causes a dose-depende
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7. Morin R, Kozlovac J. Biological
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Appendix J NIH Oversight of Researc
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Appendix K Resources for Informatio
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Appendix K E-mail: http://www2.gsu.
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Appendix K and http://www.who.int/c
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Appendix L HEPA High Efficiency Par
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