credits bmbl December 7 '06.doc - Central Michigan University

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Appendix D is probably because recovered carrier animals start shedding the mycoplasmas after the stress of sudden climatic change. It is believed that a long-term carrier state may exist. LABORATORY SAFETY Humans are not susceptible to infection by the agent that causes CCPP. The greatest risk of working with this mycoplasma is the escape of the organism into susceptible domestic bovine populations, which would necessitate USDA emergency procedures to contain and eradicate the diseases. Containment Recommendations CCPP is considered a foreign animal disease in the United States. Due to the highly contagious nature of the agent and the severe economic consequences of disease in the United States, this organism should only be handled in vitro in a BSL-3 laboratory with enhancements as required by the USDA and in vivo in a USDA-approved BSL-3-Ag animal facility. SPECIAL ISSUES The importation, possession, or use of this agent is prohibited or restricted by law or by USDA regulations or administrative policies. A USDA/APHIS import or interstate movement permit is required to obtain this agent or any livestock or poultry product, such as blood, serum, or other tissues containing the agent. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) FMD is a severe, highly communicable viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals (cattle, swine, sheep, and goats), causing fever, malaise, vesicular lesions in affected livestock and in some cases death in young animals due to myocardial lesions. 22 It can also affect a variety of wild ruminants (e.g. deer, bison). FMD is one of the most devastating diseases of livestock causing large economic losses when introduced to FMD-free countries. The etiologic agent, FMD virus (FMDV) is a member of the aphtovirus genus, family picornaviridae with seven serotypes (A, O, C, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3). 23 Humans are considered accidental hosts for FMDV and rarely become infected or develop clinical disease. Historically, humans have been exposed to large quantities of FMDV both during natural outbreaks among large herds of animals and in laboratory settings. Despite this, there has been an extremely low incidence of human infections reported and many have been anecdotal. Reports of fever, headaches and vesicles in the skin (especially at an accidental inoculation site) and oral mucosa have been associated with documented FMDV infections. The symptoms can be easily mistaken with those of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease caused by coxsackie A viruses. On the other hand, humans have been shown to carry virus in their throats for up to three days after exposure to aerosols from infected animals, potentially making them carriers of FMDV. Humans and their clothing and footwear have been implicated as fomites for transmission of FMDV during outbreaks. Therefore, most FMDV laboratories impose a 380
Appendix D five day period of contact avoidance with susceptible species for personnel working with the viruses. LABORATORY SAFETY Laboratory practices for FMDV are principally designed to prevent transmission to susceptible livestock, but also to protect workers. The greatest risk of working with FMD is the escape of the organism into susceptible animal populations, which would necessitate USDA emergency procedures to contain and eradicate the disease. Containment Recommendations The virus is considered a cause of a foreign animal disease in the United States. Due to the highly contagious nature and the severe economic consequences of disease presence in the United States, this virus should only be handled in vitro in a BSL-3 laboratory with enhancements as required by the USDA (See Section IV of this appendix) and in vivo in USDA-approved BSL-3-Ag animal facilities. Infected animals are handled with standard protection (gloves, protective clothing). Change of clothing, personal showers and clearing of the throat and nose are required upon exiting contaminated areas in order to minimize virus transmission to susceptible species. Laboratory workers should have no contact with susceptible hosts for five days after working with the agent. In the United States the Plum Island Animal Disease Center in New York is the only laboratory authorized to possess and work with this agent. SPECIAL ISSUES FMDV is a Select Agent. Possession, transfer and use of this agent requires application of procedures as detailed in 9CFR Part 121, Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002; Possession, Use and Transfer of Biological Agents and Toxins. All rules concerning the possession, storage, use, and transfer of select agents apply. Please review Appendix F of this document for further instructions regarding Select Agents. Law prohibits research with FMD on the United States mainland. Heartwater Disease (HD) HD is a non-contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium. 24 E. ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium) is a member of the family Rickettsiaceae characterized by organisms that are obligate intracellular parasites. These organisms often persist in the face of an immune response due to their protected intracellular status. Rickettsias in natural conditions are found in mammals and blood-sucking arthropods. Ticks of the genus Amblyomma transmit E. ruminantium. HD occurs primarily in Africa, but has been recognized in the West Indies since the 1980’s. The pathogen is transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma, most importantly A. variegatum (tropical bont tick). This tick has wide distribution in Africa and is present on several Caribbean islands. Three North American tick species, A. maculatum (Gulf Coast 381
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Bi
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SECTION VIII-H: Prion Diseases 299
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Forward Biosafety in Microbiologica
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Editors: L. Casey Chosewood, MD Dir
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Guest Editors: Matthew J. Arduino,
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Charles B. Millard, PhD Lieutenant
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Robert Bull Karen B. Byers Jane Cap
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Thomas L. Miller Douglas M. Moore M
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Robert Yarchoan Uri Yokel Lisa Youn
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Introduction laboratories chose not
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Introduction RISK CRITERIA FOR ESTA
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Introduction BMBL includes an impor
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Section II Biological Risk Assessme
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Biological Risk Assessment informat
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Biological Risk Assessment The NIH
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Biological Risk Assessment effectiv
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Biological Risk Assessment Third, m
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Biological Risk Assessment 14. Oxma
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Principles of Biosafety Safety equi
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Principles of Biosafety Often an in
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Principles of Biosafety Four standa
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Principles of Biosafety 4. Centers
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Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
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Section V Vertebrate Animal Biosafe
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Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOS
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Principles of Laboratory Biosecurit
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Occupational Health and Immunoproph
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Agent Summary Statements - Bacteria
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• Section VIII-B: Fungal Agents A
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Agent Summary Statements - Fungal A
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Agent Summary Statements - Parasiti
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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• Section VIII-E: Viral Agents Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Viral Ag
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• Section VIII-G: Toxin Agents Se
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins A
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• Section VIII-H: Prion Diseases
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Agent Summary Statement - Prion Dis
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Appendix A Proper maintenance of ca
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Appendix A declined. However, in ma
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Appendix A It is possible to exhaus
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Appendix A 4. The Class II, Type A2
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Appendix A prohibited. Furthermore,
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Appendix A plastic wrappers, pipett
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Appendix A touch-plate microburners
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Appendix A SECTION VI FACILITY AND
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Appendix A Development of Containme
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Appendix A C. Airflow Smoke Pattern
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Appendix A TABLES Table 1. Selectio
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Page 343 and 344: Appendix A REFERENCES 1. Centers fo
Page 345 and 346: Appendix B Decontamination and Disi
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Page 353 and 354: Appendix B d The effectiveness of a
Page 355 and 356: Appendix C Transportation of Infect
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Page 361 and 362: Appendix C Biological specimen, Cat
Page 363 and 364: Appendix D Agriculture Pathogen Bio
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Page 367 and 368: Appendix D 14. Pathological inciner
Page 369 and 370: Appendix D Wastes and other materia
Page 371 and 372: Appendix D Camelpox virus b a, b, c
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Page 391 and 392: Appendix D Spring Viremia of Carp V
Page 393 and 394: Appendix D REFERENCES 1. Hess WR. A
Page 395 and 396: Appendix D 37. Alexander DJ. Newcas
Page 397 and 398: Appendix E Arthropod Containment Gu
Page 399 and 400: Appendix F Select Agents and Toxins
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Page 403 and 404: Appendix H Working with Human, NHP
Page 405 and 406: Appendix I Guidelines for Work with
Page 407 and 408: decontaminated periodically, for ex
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Page 411 and 412: k Irradiation causes a dose-depende
Page 413 and 414: 7. Morin R, Kozlovac J. Biological
Page 415 and 416: Appendix J NIH Oversight of Researc
Page 417 and 418: Appendix K Resources for Informatio
Page 419 and 420: Appendix K E-mail: http://www2.gsu.
Page 421 and 422: Appendix K and http://www.who.int/c
Page 423 and 424: Appendix L HEPA High Efficiency Par
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