credits bmbl December 7 '06.doc - Central Michigan University

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Appendix B decontamination of equipment so it is safe to handle, or may require sterilization. Regardless of the method, the purpose of decontamination is to protect the laboratory worker, the environment, and anyone who enters the laboratory or handles laboratory products away from the laboratory. Reduction of cross-contamination in the laboratory is an added benefit. Decontamination and Cleaning Decontamination renders an area, device, item, or material safe to handle (i.e., safe in the context of being reasonably free from a risk of disease transmission). The primary objective is to reduce the level of microbial contamination so that infection transmission is eliminated. The decontamination process may be ordinary soap and water cleaning of an instrument, device, or area. In laboratory settings, decontamination of items, spent laboratory materials, and regulated laboratory wastes is often accomplished by a sterilization procedure such as steam autoclaving, perhaps the most cost-effective way of decontaminating a device or an item. The presence of any organic matter necessitates longer contact time with a decontamination method if the item or area is not precleaned. For example, a steam cycle used to sterilize precleaned items is 20 minutes at 121°C. When steam sterilization is used to decontaminate items that have a high bioburden and there is no pre-cleaning (i.e., infectious waste) the cycle is longer. Decontamination in laboratory settings often requires longer exposure times because pathogenic microorganisms may be protected from contact with the decontaminating agents. Chemical germicides used for decontamination range in activity from high-level disinfectants (i.e., high concentrations of sodium hypochlorite [chlorine bleach]), which might be used to decontaminate spills of cultured or concentrated infectious agents in research or clinical laboratories, to low-level disinfectants or sanitizers for general housekeeping purposes or spot decontamination of environmental surfaces in healthcare settings. Resistance of selected organisms to decontamination is presented in descending order in Table 1. If dangerous and highly infectious agents are present in a laboratory, the methods for decontamination of spills, laboratory equipment, BSC, or infectious waste are very significant and may include prolonged autoclave cycles, incineration or gaseous treatment of surfaces (see below). 348
Appendix B TABLE 1 DESCENDING ORDER OF RESISTANCE TO GERMICIDAL CHEMICALS BACTERIAL SPORES Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium sporogenes ⇓ MYCOBACTERIA Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis, Nontuberculous mycobacteria ⇓ NONLIPID OR SMALL VIRUSES Poliovirus, Coxackievirus, Rhinovirus ⇓ FUNGI Trichophyton spp., Cryptococcus spp., Candida spp. ⇓ VEGETATIVE BACTERIA Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Enterococci ⇓ LIPID OR MEDIUM-SIZE VIRUSES Herpes simplex virus, Cytomegalovirus, Respiratory syncytial virus, HBV, HCV, HIV, Hantavirus, Ebola virus Note: There are exceptions to this list. Pseudomonas spp are sensitive to highlevel disinfectants, but if they grow in water and form biofilms on surfaces, the protected cells can approach the resistance of bacterial spores to the same disinfectant. The same is true for the resistance to glutaraldehyde by some nontuberculous mycobacteria, some fungal ascospores of Microascus cinereus and Cheatomium globosum, and the pink pigmented Methylobacteria. Prions are also resistant to most liquid chemical germicides and are discussed in the last part of this chapter. Decontamination of Large Spaces Space decontamination is a specialized activity and should be performed by specialists with proper training and protective equipment. 8 Decontamination requirements for BSL-3 and BSL-4 laboratory space have an impact on the design of these facilities. The interior surfaces of BSL-3 laboratories must be water resistant in order for them to be easily cleaned and decontaminated. Penetrations in these surfaces should be sealed or capable of being sealed for decontamination purposes. Thus, in the BSL-3 laboratory, surface decontamination, not fumigation, is the primary means of decontaminating space. Care should be taken that penetrations in the walls, floors and ceilings are kept to a 349
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Bi
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SECTION VIII-H: Prion Diseases 299
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Forward Biosafety in Microbiologica
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Editors: L. Casey Chosewood, MD Dir
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Guest Editors: Matthew J. Arduino,
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Charles B. Millard, PhD Lieutenant
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Robert Bull Karen B. Byers Jane Cap
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Thomas L. Miller Douglas M. Moore M
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Robert Yarchoan Uri Yokel Lisa Youn
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Introduction laboratories chose not
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Introduction RISK CRITERIA FOR ESTA
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Introduction BMBL includes an impor
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Section II Biological Risk Assessme
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Biological Risk Assessment informat
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Biological Risk Assessment The NIH
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Biological Risk Assessment effectiv
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Biological Risk Assessment Third, m
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Biological Risk Assessment 14. Oxma
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Principles of Biosafety Safety equi
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Principles of Biosafety Often an in
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Principles of Biosafety Four standa
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Principles of Biosafety 4. Centers
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Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
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Section V Vertebrate Animal Biosafe
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Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOS
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Principles of Laboratory Biosecurit
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Occupational Health and Immunoproph
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Agent Summary Statements - Bacteria
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• Section VIII-B: Fungal Agents A
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Agent Summary Statements - Parasiti
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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• Section VIII-E: Viral Agents Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Viral Ag
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• Section VIII-G: Toxin Agents Se
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins A
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Page 307 and 308: Appendix A Proper maintenance of ca
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Page 311 and 312: Appendix A It is possible to exhaus
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Page 315 and 316: Appendix A prohibited. Furthermore,
Page 317 and 318: Appendix A plastic wrappers, pipett
Page 319 and 320: Appendix A touch-plate microburners
Page 321 and 322: Appendix A SECTION VI FACILITY AND
Page 323 and 324: Appendix A Development of Containme
Page 325 and 326: Appendix A C. Airflow Smoke Pattern
Page 327 and 328: Appendix A TABLES Table 1. Selectio
Page 329 and 330: Appendix A Table 3. Field Performan
Page 331 and 332: Appendix A FIGURES Figure 1. HEPA f
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Page 335 and 336: Appendix A Figure 5B. The Class II,
Page 337 and 338: Appendix A Figure 8. The Class III
Page 339 and 340: Appendix A Figure 9B. The vertical
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Page 343 and 344: Appendix A REFERENCES 1. Centers fo
Page 345 and 346: Appendix B Decontamination and Disi
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Page 353 and 354: Appendix B d The effectiveness of a
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Page 363 and 364: Appendix D Agriculture Pathogen Bio
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Page 393 and 394: Appendix D REFERENCES 1. Hess WR. A
Page 395 and 396: Appendix D 37. Alexander DJ. Newcas
Page 397 and 398: Appendix E Arthropod Containment Gu
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Appendix F Select Agents and Toxins
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Appendix G IPM issues and requireme
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Appendix H Working with Human, NHP
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Appendix I Guidelines for Work with
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decontaminated periodically, for ex
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0.25N, and/or sodium hypochlorite (
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k Irradiation causes a dose-depende
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7. Morin R, Kozlovac J. Biological
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Appendix J NIH Oversight of Researc
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Appendix K Resources for Informatio
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Appendix K E-mail: http://www2.gsu.
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Appendix K and http://www.who.int/c
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Appendix L HEPA High Efficiency Par
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