credits bmbl December 7 '06.doc - Central Michigan University

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Appendix B TABLE 2 ACTIVITY LEVELS OF SELECTED LIQUID GERMICIDES a PROCEDURE/PRODUCT AQUEOUS CONCENTRATION ACTIVITY LEVEL STERILIZATION glutaraldehyde hydrogen peroxide formaldehyde chlorine dioxide peracetic acid DISINFECTION glutaraldehyde ortho-phthalaldehyde hydrogen peroxide formaldehyde chlorine dioxide peracetic acid chlorine compounds c alcohols(ethyl,isopropyl) d phenolic compounds iodophor compounds e quaternary ammonium compounds variable 6-30% 6-8% b variable variable variable 0.5% 3-6% 1-8% variable variable 500 to 5000 mg/L free/ available chlorine 70% 0.5 to 3% 30-50 mg/L free iodine up to 10,000 mg/L available iodine 0.1 - 0.2% High to intermediate High High to intermediate High to low High High Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate to low Intermediate to low a This list of chemical germicides centers on generic formulations. A large number of commercial products based on these generic components can be considered for use. Users should ensure that commercial formulations are registered with EPA or by the FDA. b Because of the ongoing controversy of the role of formaldehyde as a potential occupational carcinogen, the use of formaldehyde is limited to certain specific circumstances under carefully controlled conditions, e.g., for the disinfection of certain hemodialysis equipment. There are no FDA cleared liquid chemical sterilant/disinfectants that contain formaldehyde. c Generic disinfectants containing chlorine are available in liquid or solid form (e.g., sodium or calcium hypochlorite). Although the indicated concentrations are rapid acting and broad-spectrum (tuberculocidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal), no proprietary hypochlorite formulations are formally registered with EPA or cleared by FDA. Common household bleach is an excellent and inexpensive source of sodium hypochlorite. Concentrations between 500 and 1000 mg/L chlorine are appropriate for the vast majority of uses requiring an intermediate level of germicidal activity; higher concentrations are extremely corrosive as well as irritating to personnel, and their use should be limited to situations where there is an excessive amount of organic material or unusually high concentrations of microorganisms (e.g., spills of cultured material in the laboratory). Low 352
Appendix B d The effectiveness of alcohols as intermediate level germicides is limited because they evaporate rapidly, resulting in short contact times, and also lack the ability to penetrate residual organic material. They are rapidly tuberculocidal, bactericidal and fungicidal, but may vary in spectrum of virucidal activity (see text). Items to be disinfected with alcohols should be carefully pre-cleaned then totally submerged for an appropriate exposure time (e.g., 10 minutes). e Only those iodophors registered with EPA as hard-surface disinfectants should be used, closely following the manufacturer's instructions regarding proper dilution and product stability. Antiseptic iodophors are not suitable to disinfect devices, environmental surfaces, or medical instruments. SPECIAL INFECTIOUS AGENT ISSUES Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents (Prions) The major exception to the rule in the previous discussion of microbial inactivation and decontamination is the causative agent of CJD or other prion agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of the central nervous system in humans or animals. Studies show that prions are resistant to conventional uses of heat and/or chemical germicides for the sterilization of instruments and devices (See Chapter 9). REFERENCES 1. Vesley D, Lauer J, Hawley R. Decontamination, sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. In: Fleming DO, Hunt DL, editors. Laboratory safety: principles and practices. 3 rd ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2001. p. 383-402. 2. Rhame FS. The inanimate environment. In: Bennett JV, Brachmann PS, editors. Hospital infections. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. p. 299-324. 3. Favero M. Developing indicators for sterilization. In: Rutala W, editor. Disinfection, sterilization and antisepsis in health care. Washington, DC: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.; 1998. p. 119-132. 4. Favero M. Sterility assurance: concepts for patient safety. In: Rutala W, editor. Disinfection, sterilization and antisepsis: principles and practices in healthcare facilities. Washington, DC: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.; 2001. p. 110-9. 5. Spaulding EH. Chemical disinfection and antisepsis in the hospital. J Hosp Res. 1972:9;5-31. 6. Favero M, Bond W. Chemical disinfection of medical surgical material. In: Block S, editor. Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Lippencott, Williams and Wilkens; 2001. p. 881-917. 7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [www.cdc.gov]. Atlanta: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [updated 2006 Sept 21]. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities, 2003; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/enviro/guide.htm 353
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Bi
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SECTION VIII-H: Prion Diseases 299
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Forward Biosafety in Microbiologica
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Editors: L. Casey Chosewood, MD Dir
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Guest Editors: Matthew J. Arduino,
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Charles B. Millard, PhD Lieutenant
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Robert Bull Karen B. Byers Jane Cap
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Thomas L. Miller Douglas M. Moore M
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Robert Yarchoan Uri Yokel Lisa Youn
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Introduction laboratories chose not
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Introduction RISK CRITERIA FOR ESTA
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Introduction BMBL includes an impor
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Section II Biological Risk Assessme
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Biological Risk Assessment informat
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Biological Risk Assessment The NIH
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Biological Risk Assessment effectiv
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Biological Risk Assessment Third, m
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Biological Risk Assessment 14. Oxma
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Principles of Biosafety Safety equi
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Principles of Biosafety Often an in
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Principles of Biosafety Four standa
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Principles of Biosafety 4. Centers
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Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
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Section V Vertebrate Animal Biosafe
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Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOS
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Principles of Laboratory Biosecurit
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Occupational Health and Immunoproph
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Agent Summary Statements - Bacteria
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• Section VIII-B: Fungal Agents A
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Agent Summary Statements - Fungal A
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• Section VIII-C: Parasitic Agent
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Agent Summary Statements - Parasiti
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• Section VIII-D: Rickettsial Age
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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• Section VIII-E: Viral Agents Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Viral Ag
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• Section VIII-G: Toxin Agents Se
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins i
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins A
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• Section VIII-H: Prion Diseases
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Page 307 and 308: Appendix A Proper maintenance of ca
Page 309 and 310: Appendix A declined. However, in ma
Page 311 and 312: Appendix A It is possible to exhaus
Page 313 and 314: Appendix A 4. The Class II, Type A2
Page 315 and 316: Appendix A prohibited. Furthermore,
Page 317 and 318: Appendix A plastic wrappers, pipett
Page 319 and 320: Appendix A touch-plate microburners
Page 321 and 322: Appendix A SECTION VI FACILITY AND
Page 323 and 324: Appendix A Development of Containme
Page 325 and 326: Appendix A C. Airflow Smoke Pattern
Page 327 and 328: Appendix A TABLES Table 1. Selectio
Page 329 and 330: Appendix A Table 3. Field Performan
Page 331 and 332: Appendix A FIGURES Figure 1. HEPA f
Page 333 and 334: Appendix A Figure 3. The Class II,
Page 335 and 336: Appendix A Figure 5B. The Class II,
Page 337 and 338: Appendix A Figure 8. The Class III
Page 339 and 340: Appendix A Figure 9B. The vertical
Page 341 and 342: Appendix A Figure 11. A typical lay
Page 343 and 344: Appendix A REFERENCES 1. Centers fo
Page 345 and 346: Appendix B Decontamination and Disi
Page 347 and 348: Appendix B surfaces are contaminate
Page 349 and 350: Appendix B TABLE 1 DESCENDING ORDER
Page 351: Appendix B dioxide gas exits the ge
Page 355 and 356: Appendix C Transportation of Infect
Page 357 and 358: Appendix C 1600 Clifton Road, N.E.,
Page 359 and 360: Appendix C disease in humans or in
Page 361 and 362: Appendix C Biological specimen, Cat
Page 363 and 364: Appendix D Agriculture Pathogen Bio
Page 365 and 366: Appendix D simultaneous opening of
Page 367 and 368: Appendix D 14. Pathological inciner
Page 369 and 370: Appendix D Wastes and other materia
Page 371 and 372: Appendix D Camelpox virus b a, b, c
Page 373 and 374: Appendix D SPECIAL ISSUES The impor
Page 375 and 376: Appendix D required by the USDA and
Page 377 and 378: Appendix D depression, anorexia, an
Page 379 and 380: Appendix D laboratory with enhancem
Page 381 and 382: Appendix D five day period of conta
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Page 387 and 388: Appendix D NDV is classified in the
Page 389 and 390: Appendix D movement permit is requi
Page 391 and 392: Appendix D Spring Viremia of Carp V
Page 393 and 394: Appendix D REFERENCES 1. Hess WR. A
Page 395 and 396: Appendix D 37. Alexander DJ. Newcas
Page 397 and 398: Appendix E Arthropod Containment Gu
Page 399 and 400: Appendix F Select Agents and Toxins
Page 401 and 402: Appendix G IPM issues and requireme
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Appendix H Working with Human, NHP
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Appendix I Guidelines for Work with
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decontaminated periodically, for ex
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0.25N, and/or sodium hypochlorite (
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k Irradiation causes a dose-depende
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7. Morin R, Kozlovac J. Biological
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Appendix J NIH Oversight of Researc
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Appendix K Resources for Informatio
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Appendix K E-mail: http://www2.gsu.
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Appendix K and http://www.who.int/c
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Appendix L HEPA High Efficiency Par
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