credits bmbl December 7 '06.doc - Central Michigan University

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Agent Summary Statements – Arboviruses and Related Zoonotic Viruses include 1) the ability of the chimeric virus to replicate in cell culture and animal model systems in comparison with its parental strains; 15 2) altered virulence characteristics or attenuation compared with the parental viruses in animal models; 16 3) virulence or attenuation patterns by intracranial routes using large doses for agents affecting the CNS; 17,18 and 4) demonstration of lack of reversion to virulence or parental phenotype. Many patterns of attenuation have been observed with chimeric flaviviruses and alphaviruses using the criteria described above. Additionally, some of these chimeras are in phase II testing as human vaccines. 19 Chimeric viruses may have some safety features not associated with parental viruses. For example, they are generated from genetically stable cDNA clones without the need for animal or cell culture passage. This minimizes the possibility of mutations that could alter virulence properties. Because some chimeric strains incorporate genomic segments lacking gene regions or genetic elements critical for virulence, there may be limited possibility of laboratory recombination to generate strains exhibiting wild-type virulence. Ongoing surveillance and laboratory studies suggest that many arboviruses continue to be a risk to human and animal populations. The attenuation of all chimeric strains should be verified using the most rigorous containment requirements of the parental strains. The local IBC should evaluate containment recommendations for each chimeric virus on a case-by-case basis, using virulence data from an appropriate animal model. Additional guidance from the NIH Office of Biotechnology Activities Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee may be necessary. Agent: West Nile Virus (WNV) WNV has emerged in recent years in temperate regions of Europe and North America, presenting a threat to public and animal health. This virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus antigenic complex. The complex currently includes Alfuy, Cacipacore, Japanese encephalitis, Koutango, Kunjin, Murray Valley encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Rocio, Stratford, Usutu, West Nile, and Yaounde viruses. Flaviviruses share a common size (40-60nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases) and virus morphology. The virus was first isolated from a febrile adult woman in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937. 20 The ecology was characterized in Egypt in the 1950s; equine disease was first noted in Egypt and France in the early 1960s. 21,22 It first appeared in North America in 1999 as encephalitis reported in humans and horses. 23 The virus has been detected in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, west and central Asia, Oceania (subtype Kunjin virus), and most recently, North America. Occupational Infections 252
Agent Summary Statements – Arboviruses and Related Zoonotic Viruses LAI with WNV have been reported in the literature. SALS reported 15 human infections from laboratory accidents in 1980. One of these infections was attributed to aerosol exposure. Two parenteral inoculations have been reported recently during work with animals. 24 Natural Modes of Infection In the United States, infected mosquitoes, primarily members of the Culex genus, transmit WNV. Virus amplification occurs during periods of adult mosquito bloodfeeding by continuous transmission between mosquito vectors and bird reservoir hosts. People, horses, and most other mammals are not known to develop infectious viremias very often, and thus are probably "dead-end" or incidental hosts. LABORATORY SAFETY WNV may be present in blood, serum, tissues, and CSF of infected humans, birds, mammals, and reptiles. The virus has been found in oral fluids and feces of birds. Parenteral inoculation with contaminated materials poses the greatest hazard; contact exposure of broken skin is a possible risk. Sharps precautions should be strictly adhered to when handling potentially infectious materials. Workers performing necropsies on infected animals may be at higher risk of infection. Containment Recommendations BSL-2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for activities with human diagnostic specimens, although it is unusual to recover virus from specimens obtained from clinically ill patients. BSL-2 is recommended for processing field collected mosquito pools whereas BSL-3 and ABSL-3 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended, for all manipulations of WNV cultures and for experimental animal and vector studies, respectively. Dissection of field collected dead birds for histopathology and culture is recommended at BSL-3 containment due to the potentially high levels of virus found in such samples. Non-invasive procedures performed on dead birds (such as oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs) can be conducted at BSL-2. SPECIAL ISSUES Transfer of Agent Importation of this agent may require CDC and/or USDA importation permits. Domestic transport of this agent may require a permit from USDA/APHIS/VS. A DoC permit may be required for the export of this agent to another country. See Appendix C for additional information. 253
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Bi
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SECTION VIII-H: Prion Diseases 299
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Forward Biosafety in Microbiologica
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Editors: L. Casey Chosewood, MD Dir
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Guest Editors: Matthew J. Arduino,
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Charles B. Millard, PhD Lieutenant
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Robert Bull Karen B. Byers Jane Cap
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Thomas L. Miller Douglas M. Moore M
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Robert Yarchoan Uri Yokel Lisa Youn
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Introduction laboratories chose not
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Introduction RISK CRITERIA FOR ESTA
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Introduction BMBL includes an impor
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Section II Biological Risk Assessme
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Biological Risk Assessment informat
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Biological Risk Assessment The NIH
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Biological Risk Assessment effectiv
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Biological Risk Assessment Third, m
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Biological Risk Assessment 14. Oxma
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Principles of Biosafety Safety equi
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Principles of Biosafety Often an in
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Principles of Biosafety Four standa
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Principles of Biosafety 4. Centers
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Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
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Section V Vertebrate Animal Biosafe
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Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOS
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Principles of Laboratory Biosecurit
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Occupational Health and Immunoproph
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Agent Summary Statements - Bacteria
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• Section VIII-B: Fungal Agents A
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Agent Summary Statements - Fungal A
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• Section VIII-C: Parasitic Agent
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Agent Summary Statements - Parasiti
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Agent Summary Statement - Prion Dis
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Appendix A Proper maintenance of ca
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Appendix A declined. However, in ma
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Appendix A It is possible to exhaus
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Appendix A 4. The Class II, Type A2
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Appendix A prohibited. Furthermore,
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Appendix A plastic wrappers, pipett
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Appendix A touch-plate microburners
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Appendix A SECTION VI FACILITY AND
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Appendix A Development of Containme
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Appendix A C. Airflow Smoke Pattern
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Appendix A TABLES Table 1. Selectio
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Appendix A Table 3. Field Performan
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Appendix A FIGURES Figure 1. HEPA f
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Appendix A Figure 3. The Class II,
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Appendix A Figure 5B. The Class II,
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Appendix A Figure 8. The Class III
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Appendix A Figure 9B. The vertical
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Appendix A Figure 11. A typical lay
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Appendix A REFERENCES 1. Centers fo
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Appendix B Decontamination and Disi
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Appendix B surfaces are contaminate
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Appendix B TABLE 1 DESCENDING ORDER
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Appendix B dioxide gas exits the ge
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Appendix B d The effectiveness of a
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Appendix C Transportation of Infect
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Appendix C 1600 Clifton Road, N.E.,
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Appendix C disease in humans or in
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Appendix C Biological specimen, Cat
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Appendix D Agriculture Pathogen Bio
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Appendix D simultaneous opening of
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Appendix D 14. Pathological inciner
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Appendix D Wastes and other materia
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Appendix D Camelpox virus b a, b, c
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Appendix D SPECIAL ISSUES The impor
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Appendix D required by the USDA and
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Appendix D depression, anorexia, an
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Appendix D laboratory with enhancem
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Appendix D five day period of conta
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Appendix D slaughterhouses or indus
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Appendix D virus does not cause any
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Appendix D NDV is classified in the
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Appendix D movement permit is requi
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Appendix D Spring Viremia of Carp V
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Appendix D REFERENCES 1. Hess WR. A
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Appendix D 37. Alexander DJ. Newcas
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Appendix E Arthropod Containment Gu
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Appendix F Select Agents and Toxins
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Appendix G IPM issues and requireme
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Appendix H Working with Human, NHP
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Appendix I Guidelines for Work with
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decontaminated periodically, for ex
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0.25N, and/or sodium hypochlorite (
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k Irradiation causes a dose-depende
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7. Morin R, Kozlovac J. Biological
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Appendix J NIH Oversight of Researc
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Appendix K Resources for Informatio
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Appendix K E-mail: http://www2.gsu.
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Appendix K and http://www.who.int/c
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Appendix L HEPA High Efficiency Par
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