credits bmbl December 7 '06.doc - Central Michigan University

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Agent Summary Statements – Viral Agents Agent: Poxviruses Four genera of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae, (Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yatapoxvirus, and Molluscipoxvirus) contain species that can cause lesions on human skin or mucous membranes with mild to severe systemic rash illness in laboratorians. Species within the first three genera mostly arise as zoonotic agents. 65,66 Laboratory-acquired poxvirus infections of most concern are from the orthopoxviruses that infect humans: variola virus (causes smallpox; human-specific), monkeypox virus (causes smallpox-like disease, cowpox virus (causes skin pustule, generalized rash), and vaccinia virus (causes skin pustule, systemic illness). 65-70 Occupational Infections Vaccinia virus, the leading agent of laboratory-acquired poxvirus infections, is used to make the current smallpox vaccine and may occur as a rare zoonosis. 65,66 Laboratory-acquired infections with standard, mutant, or bioengineered forms of vaccinia virus have occurred, even in previously vaccinated laboratorians. In addition, vaccination with live vaccinia virus sometimes has side effects, which range from mild events (e.g., fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes) to rare, severe, and at times fatal outcomes (e.g., generalized vaccinia, encephalitis, vaccinia necrosum, eczema vaccinatum, ocular keratitis, corneal infection, fetal infection of pregnancy, and possibly myocardial infarction, myopericarditis, or angina), thus vaccination contraindications should be carefully followed. 65,68-70 Natural Modes of Infection Smallpox has been eradicated from the world since 1980, but monkey pox virus is endemic in rodents in parts of Africa. Importation of African rodents into North America in 2003 resulted in an outbreak of monkeypox in humans. 67 Molluscum contagiosum, a disease due to Molluscipoxvirus infection, results in pearly white lesions that may persist for months in persons immunocompromised for various reasons, including chronic illness, AIDS, other infections, medications, cancer and cancer therapies, or pregnancy. 65 LABORATORY SAFETY Poxviruses are stable in a wide range of environmental temperatures and humidity and may be transmitted by fomites. 65 Virus may enter the body through mucous membranes, broken skin, or by ingestion, parenteral inoculation or droplet or fine-particle aerosol inhalation. Sources of laboratory-acquired infection include exposure to aerosols, environmental samples, naturally or experimentally infected animals, infectious cultures, or clinical samples, including vesiculopustular rash lesion fluid or crusted scabs, various tissue specimens, excretions and respiratory secretions. Containment Recommendations 230
Agent Summary Statements – Viral Agents Worldwide, all live variola virus work is to be done only within WHO approved BSL-4/ABSL-4 facilities; one is at the CDC in Atlanta and the other is at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR) in Koltsovo, Russia. 71 In general, all persons working in or entering laboratory or animal care areas where activities with vaccinia, monkey pox, or cow pox viruses are being conducted should have evidence of satisfactory vaccination. Vaccination is advised every three years for work with monkeypox virus and every 10 years for cowpox and vaccinia viruses (neither vaccination nor vaccinia immunoglobulin protect against poxviruses of other genera). 68-70 Vaccination is not required for individuals working only in laboratories where no other orthpoxviruses or recombinants are handled. 70 ABSL-3 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for monkeypox work in experimentally or naturally infected animals. BSL-2 facilities with BSL-3 practices are advised if other work with monkeypox virus by vaccinated personnel. These practices include the use of Class-I or -II BSCs and barriers, such as safety cups or sealed rotors, for all centrifugations. The NIH Guidelines have assessed the risk of manipulating attenuated vaccinia strains (modified virus Ankara (MVA), NYVAC, TROVAC, and ALVAC) in areas where no other human orthopoxviruses are being used and have recommended BSL-1. 71 However, higher levels of containment are recommended if these strains are used in work areas where other orthopoxviruses are manipulated. BSL-2 and ABSL-2 plus vaccination, are recommended for work with most other poxviruses. SPECIAL ISSUES Other Considerations The CDC internet site www.cdc.gov provides information on poxviruses, especially variola and monkeypox viruses, and on smallpox vaccination, and for reporting vaccination adverse events. Clinical and other laboratories using poxviruses and clinicians can phone the CDC Clinician Information Line (877-554-4625) and/or the CDC public information hotline (888-246-2675) concerning variola and other human poxvirus infections, smallpox vaccine, vaccinia immunoglobulin, poxvirus antiviral drugs, or other treatments or quarantine issues. Contact CDC regarding applications to transfer monkeypox viruses. Transfer of Agent Importation of this agent may require CDC and/or USDA importation permits. Domestic transport of this agent may require a permit from USDA/APHIS/VS. A DoC permit may be required for the export of this agent to another country. See Appendix C for additional information. Agent: Rabies Virus (and related lyssaviruses) Rabies is an acute, progressive, fatal encephalitis caused by negative-stranded RNA viruses in the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae. 72 Rabies virus is the 231
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Bi
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SECTION VIII-H: Prion Diseases 299
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Forward Biosafety in Microbiologica
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Editors: L. Casey Chosewood, MD Dir
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Guest Editors: Matthew J. Arduino,
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Charles B. Millard, PhD Lieutenant
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Robert Bull Karen B. Byers Jane Cap
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Thomas L. Miller Douglas M. Moore M
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Robert Yarchoan Uri Yokel Lisa Youn
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Introduction laboratories chose not
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Introduction RISK CRITERIA FOR ESTA
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Introduction BMBL includes an impor
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Section II Biological Risk Assessme
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Biological Risk Assessment informat
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Biological Risk Assessment The NIH
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Biological Risk Assessment effectiv
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Biological Risk Assessment Third, m
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Biological Risk Assessment 14. Oxma
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Principles of Biosafety Safety equi
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Principles of Biosafety Often an in
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Principles of Biosafety Four standa
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Principles of Biosafety 4. Centers
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Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
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Section V Vertebrate Animal Biosafe
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Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOS
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Principles of Laboratory Biosecurit
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Occupational Health and Immunoproph
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Agent Summary Statements - Bacteria
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• Section VIII-G: Toxin Agents Se
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins i
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Agent Summary Statements - Toxins A
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• Section VIII-H: Prion Diseases
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Agent Summary Statement - Prion Dis
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Appendix A Proper maintenance of ca
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Appendix A declined. However, in ma
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Appendix A It is possible to exhaus
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Appendix A 4. The Class II, Type A2
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Appendix A prohibited. Furthermore,
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Appendix A plastic wrappers, pipett
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Appendix A touch-plate microburners
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Appendix A SECTION VI FACILITY AND
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Appendix A Development of Containme
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Appendix A C. Airflow Smoke Pattern
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Appendix A TABLES Table 1. Selectio
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Appendix A Table 3. Field Performan
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Appendix A FIGURES Figure 1. HEPA f
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Appendix A Figure 3. The Class II,
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Appendix A Figure 5B. The Class II,
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Appendix A Figure 8. The Class III
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Appendix A Figure 9B. The vertical
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Appendix A Figure 11. A typical lay
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Appendix A REFERENCES 1. Centers fo
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Appendix B Decontamination and Disi
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Appendix B surfaces are contaminate
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Appendix B TABLE 1 DESCENDING ORDER
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Appendix B dioxide gas exits the ge
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Appendix B d The effectiveness of a
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Appendix C Transportation of Infect
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Appendix C 1600 Clifton Road, N.E.,
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Appendix C disease in humans or in
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Appendix C Biological specimen, Cat
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Appendix D Agriculture Pathogen Bio
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Appendix D simultaneous opening of
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Appendix D 14. Pathological inciner
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Appendix D Wastes and other materia
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Appendix D Camelpox virus b a, b, c
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Appendix D SPECIAL ISSUES The impor
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Appendix D required by the USDA and
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Appendix D depression, anorexia, an
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Appendix D laboratory with enhancem
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Appendix D five day period of conta
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Appendix D slaughterhouses or indus
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Appendix D virus does not cause any
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Appendix D NDV is classified in the
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Appendix D movement permit is requi
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Appendix D Spring Viremia of Carp V
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Appendix D REFERENCES 1. Hess WR. A
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Appendix D 37. Alexander DJ. Newcas
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Appendix E Arthropod Containment Gu
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Appendix F Select Agents and Toxins
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Appendix G IPM issues and requireme
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Appendix H Working with Human, NHP
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Appendix I Guidelines for Work with
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decontaminated periodically, for ex
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0.25N, and/or sodium hypochlorite (
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k Irradiation causes a dose-depende
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7. Morin R, Kozlovac J. Biological
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Appendix J NIH Oversight of Researc
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Appendix K Resources for Informatio
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Appendix K E-mail: http://www2.gsu.
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Appendix K and http://www.who.int/c
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Appendix L HEPA High Efficiency Par
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