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Agent Summary Statements – Toxins 8. Llewelyn M, Cohen J. Superantigens: microbial agents that corrupt immunity. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:156-62. 9. Jarraud S, Peyrat MA, Lim A, et al. egc, a highly prevalent operon of enterotoxin gene, forms a putative nursery of superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol. 2001;166:669-77. Erratum in: J Immunol. 2001;166:following 4259. 10. Marrack P, Kappler J. The Staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives. Science. 1990;248:705-11. Erratum in: Science. 1990;248:1066. 11. Jett M, Ionin B, Das R, et al. The Staphylococcal enterotoxins. In: Sussman M, editor. Molecular medical microbiology. Vol. 2. San Diego: Academic Press; 2001. p. 1089-1116. 12. Bergdoll MS. Enterotoxins. In: Montie TC, Kadis S, Ajl SJ, editors. Microbial toxins: bacterial protein toxins. Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press;1970. p. 265- 326. 13. Evenson ML, Hinds MW, Bernstein RS, et al. Estimation of human dose of staphylococcal enterotoxin A from a large outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning involving chocolate milk. Int J Food Microbiol. 1988;7:311-16. 14. Asao T, Kumeda Y, Kawai T, et al. An extensive outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning due to low-fat milk in Japan: estimation of enterotoxin A in the incriminated milk and powdered skim milk. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;130:33-40. 15. Do Carmo LS, Cummings C, Linardi VR, et al. A case study of a massive staphylococcal food poisoning incident. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2004;1:241-46. 16. Raj HD, Bergdoll MS. Effect of enterotoxin B on human volunteers. J Bacteriol. 1969;98:833-34. 17. LeClaire RD, Pitt MLM. Biological weapons defense: effect levels. In: Lindler LE, Lebeda FJ, Korch GW, editors. Biological weapons defense: infectious diseases and counter bioterrorism. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press, Inc.; 2005. p. 41-61. 18. Rusnak JM, Kortepeter M, Ulrich R, et al. Laboratory exposures to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1544-9. 19. Ulrich R, Sidell S, Taylor T, et al. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and related pyrogenic toxins. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, editors. Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Vol. 6. Textbook of military medicine, part 1: warfare, weaponry, and the casualty. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General at TMM Publications, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 1997. p. 621-30. 20. Olsnes S. The history of ricin, abrin and related toxins. Toxicon. 2004;44:361-70. 21. Hartley MR, Lord JM. Cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating lectins from plants. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1701:1-14. 22. Doan LG. Ricin: mechanism of toxicity, clinical manifestations, and vaccine development. A review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42:201-8. 23. Cumber AJ, Forrester JA, Foxwell BM, et al. Preparation of antibody-toxin conjugates. Methods Enzymol. 1985;112:207-25. 24. Franz D, Jaax N. Ricin toxin. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, editors. Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Vol. 6. Textbook of military medicine, part 1: warfare, weaponry, and the casualty. Washington, DC. Office of 296
Agent Summary Statements – Toxins the Surgeon General at TMM Publications, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 1997;631-642. 25. Crompton R, Gall D. Georgi Markov-death in a pellet. Med Leg J. 1980;48:51-62. 26. Soler-Rodriguez AM, Uhr JW, Richardson J, et al. The toxicity of chemically deglycosylated ricin A-chain in mice. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1992;14:281-91. 27. Wannemacher R, Wiener SL. Trichothecene mycotoxins. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, editors. Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Vol. 6. Textbook of military medicine, part 1: warfare, weaponry, and the casualty. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General at TMM Publications, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 1997. p. 655-76. 28. Bamburg J. Chemical and biochemical studies of the trichothecene mycotoxins. In: JV Rodricks, editor. Mycotoxins and other fungal related food problems. Vol. 149. Advances in chemistry. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, Diviosion of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 1976. p. 144-162. 29. Schantz EJ. Chemistry and biology of saxitoxin and related toxins. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1986;479:15-23. 30. Yasumoto T, Nagai H, Yasumura D, et al. Interspecies distribution and possible origin of tetrodotoxin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986;479:44-51. 31. Baden DG, Mende TJ, Lichter W, et al. Crystallization and toxicology of T34: a major toxin from Florida's red tide organism (Ptychodiscus brevis). Toxicon. 1981;19:455-62. 32. Moore RE, Scheuer PJ. Palytoxin: a new marine toxin from a coelenterate. Science. 1971;172:495-8. 33. Olivera BM, Cruz LJ. Conotoxins, in retrospect. Toxicon. 2001;39:7-14. 34. Carmichael W. Algal toxins. In: Callow J, editor. Advances in botanical research. Vol. 12. London: Academic Press; 1986. p. 47-101. 35. Bunner B, Wannemacher RW Jr, Dinterman RE, et al. Cutaneous absorption and decontamination of [ 3 H]T-2 toxin in the rat model. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1989;26:413-423. 36. Poli M. Foodborne Marine biotoxins. In: Miliotis MD, Bier JW, editors. International handbook of foodborne pathogens. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2003;445-58. 37. Franz DR, LeClaire RD. Respiratory effects of brevetoxin and saxitoxin in awake guinea pigs. Toxicon. 1989;27:647-54. 38. Kao CY. Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and their significance in the study of excitation phenomena. Pharmacol Rev. 1966;18:997-1049. 39. Artigas P, Gadsby DC. Na+/K+-pump ligands modulate gating of palytoxininduced ion channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:501-5. 40. Wiles JS, Vick JA, Christensen MK. Toxicological evaluation of palytoxin in several animal species. Toxicon. 1974;12:427-33. 41. Cruz LJ, White J. Clinical Toxicology of Conus Snail Stings. In: Meier J, White J, editors. Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1995. p. 117-28. 42. McIntosh JM, Jones RM. Cone venom-from accidental stings to deliberate injection. Toxicon. 2001;39:1447-51. 43. Dawson RM. The toxicology of microcystins. Toxicon. 1998;36:953-62. 297
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Bi
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SECTION VIII-H: Prion Diseases 299
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Forward Biosafety in Microbiologica
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Editors: L. Casey Chosewood, MD Dir
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Guest Editors: Matthew J. Arduino,
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Charles B. Millard, PhD Lieutenant
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Robert Bull Karen B. Byers Jane Cap
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Thomas L. Miller Douglas M. Moore M
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Robert Yarchoan Uri Yokel Lisa Youn
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Introduction laboratories chose not
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Introduction RISK CRITERIA FOR ESTA
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Introduction BMBL includes an impor
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Section II Biological Risk Assessme
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Biological Risk Assessment informat
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Biological Risk Assessment The NIH
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Biological Risk Assessment effectiv
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Biological Risk Assessment Third, m
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Biological Risk Assessment 14. Oxma
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Principles of Biosafety Safety equi
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Principles of Biosafety Often an in
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Principles of Biosafety Four standa
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Principles of Biosafety 4. Centers
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Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
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Section V Vertebrate Animal Biosafe
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Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOS
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Principles of Laboratory Biosecurit
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Occupational Health and Immunoproph
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Agent Summary Statements - Bacteria
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• Section VIII-B: Fungal Agents A
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Agent Summary Statements - Fungal A
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• Section VIII-C: Parasitic Agent
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Agent Summary Statements - Parasiti
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• Section VIII-D: Rickettsial Age
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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• Section VIII-E: Viral Agents Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Viral Ag
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Appendix B surfaces are contaminate
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Appendix B TABLE 1 DESCENDING ORDER
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Appendix B dioxide gas exits the ge
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Appendix B d The effectiveness of a
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Appendix C Transportation of Infect
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Appendix C 1600 Clifton Road, N.E.,
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Appendix C disease in humans or in
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Appendix C Biological specimen, Cat
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Appendix D Agriculture Pathogen Bio
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Appendix D simultaneous opening of
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Appendix D 14. Pathological inciner
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Appendix D Wastes and other materia
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Appendix D Camelpox virus b a, b, c
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Appendix D SPECIAL ISSUES The impor
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Appendix D required by the USDA and
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Appendix D depression, anorexia, an
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Appendix D laboratory with enhancem
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Appendix D five day period of conta
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Appendix D slaughterhouses or indus
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Appendix D virus does not cause any
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Appendix D NDV is classified in the
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Appendix D movement permit is requi
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Appendix D Spring Viremia of Carp V
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Appendix D REFERENCES 1. Hess WR. A
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Appendix D 37. Alexander DJ. Newcas
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Appendix E Arthropod Containment Gu
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Appendix F Select Agents and Toxins
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Appendix G IPM issues and requireme
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Appendix H Working with Human, NHP
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Appendix I Guidelines for Work with
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decontaminated periodically, for ex
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0.25N, and/or sodium hypochlorite (
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k Irradiation causes a dose-depende
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7. Morin R, Kozlovac J. Biological
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Appendix J NIH Oversight of Researc
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Appendix K Resources for Informatio
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Appendix K E-mail: http://www2.gsu.
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Appendix K and http://www.who.int/c
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Appendix L HEPA High Efficiency Par
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