credits bmbl December 7 '06.doc - Central Michigan University

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Agent Summary Statements – Arboviruses and Related Zoonotic Viruses a b c d e f Containment requirements will vary based on virus concentration, animal species, or virus type. See the Hantanvirus agent summary statement in the viral agent chapter. Tentative placement in the genus. These organisms are considered pathogens of significant agricultural importance by the USDA (See Appendix D) and may require additional containment (up to and including BSL-3-Ag containment). Not all strains of each organism are necessarily of concern to the USDA. Contact USDA for more information regarding exact containment/permit requirements before initiating work. Alternate name for Ganjam virus. Garissa virus is considered an isolate of this virus, so same containment requirements apply. Antigenic groups designated A, B, and C refer to the original comprehensive and unifying serogroups established by Casals, Brown, and Whitman based on cross-reactivity among known arboviruses (2,21). Group A viruses are members of the genus Alphavirus, group B belong to the family Flaviviridae, and Group C viruses are members of the family Bunyaviridae. 284
• Section VIII-G: Toxin Agents Seven immunologically distinct serotypes of BoNT have been isolated (A, B, C1, D, E, F and G). Each BoNT holotoxin is a disulfide-bonded heterodimer composed of a zinc metallo-protease “light chain” (approximately 50 kD) and a receptor binding “heavy chain” (approximately 100 kD). The heavy chain enhances cell binding and translocation of the catalytic light chain across the vesicular membrane. 1 There are also a number of important accessory proteins that can stabilize the natural toxin complex in biological systems. Four of the serotypes (A, B, E and, less commonly, F) are responsible for most human poisoning through contaminated food, wound infection, or infant botulism, whereas livestock may be at greater risk for poisoning with serotypes C1 and D. 2,3 It is important to recognize, however, that all BoNT serotypes are highly toxic and lethal by injection or aerosol delivery. BoNT is one of the most toxic proteins known; absorption of less than one microgram (µg) of BoNT can cause severe incapacitation or death, depending upon the serotype and the route of exposure. Diagnosis of Laboratory Exposures Botulism is primarily a clinical diagnosis with signs and symptoms that are similar for all serotypes and all routes of intoxication. 4 There typically is a latency of several hours to days, depending upon the amount of toxin absorbed, before the signs and symptoms of BoNT poisoning occur. The first symptoms of exposure generally include blurred vision, dry mouth and difficulty swallowing and speaking. This is followed by a descending, symmetrical flaccid paralysis, which can progress to generalized muscle weakness and respiratory failure. Sophisticated tests such as nerve conduction studies and single-fiber electromyography can support the diagnosis and distinguish it from similar neuromuscular conditions. Routine laboratory tests are of limited value because of the low levels of BoNT required to intoxicate, as well as the delay in onset of symptoms. Depending upon exposure levels, immunoassays may detect toxin in stool samples, gastric secretions, or respiratory secretions. BoNT is usually below detection in the serum or stool, but generally will be detectable on the nasal mucous membranes by immunoassay for 24 hours (h) after inhalation. Antibody levels in exposed individuals are not useful for diagnosing botulism, as a supralethal dose of BoNT may be too low to stimulate a measurable antibody titer. LABORATORY SAFETY Solutions of sodium hypochlorite (0.1%) or sodium hydroxide (0.1N) readily inactivate the toxin and are recommended for decontamination of work surfaces and for spills. Additional considerations for the safe use and inactivation of toxins of biological origin are found in Appendix I. Because C. botulinum requires an anaerobic environment for growth and it is essentially not transmissible among individuals, exposure to pre- 285
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Biosafety in Microbiological and Bi
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SECTION VIII-H: Prion Diseases 299
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Forward Biosafety in Microbiologica
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Editors: L. Casey Chosewood, MD Dir
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Guest Editors: Matthew J. Arduino,
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Charles B. Millard, PhD Lieutenant
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Robert Bull Karen B. Byers Jane Cap
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Thomas L. Miller Douglas M. Moore M
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Robert Yarchoan Uri Yokel Lisa Youn
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Introduction laboratories chose not
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Introduction RISK CRITERIA FOR ESTA
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Introduction BMBL includes an impor
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Section II Biological Risk Assessme
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Biological Risk Assessment informat
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Biological Risk Assessment The NIH
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Biological Risk Assessment effectiv
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Biological Risk Assessment Third, m
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Biological Risk Assessment 14. Oxma
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Principles of Biosafety Safety equi
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Principles of Biosafety Often an in
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Principles of Biosafety Four standa
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Principles of Biosafety 4. Centers
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Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
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Section V Vertebrate Animal Biosafe
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Vertebrate Animal Biosafety Level C
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOS
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Principles of Laboratory Biosecurit
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Occupational Health and Immunoproph
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Agent Summary Statements - Bacteria
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• Section VIII-B: Fungal Agents A
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Agent Summary Statements - Fungal A
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• Section VIII-C: Parasitic Agent
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Agent Summary Statements - Parasiti
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• Section VIII-D: Rickettsial Age
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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Agent Summary Statements - Ricketts
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• Section VIII-E: Viral Agents Ag
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Agent Summary Statements - Viral Ag
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Page 323 and 324: Appendix A Development of Containme
Page 325 and 326: Appendix A C. Airflow Smoke Pattern
Page 327 and 328: Appendix A TABLES Table 1. Selectio
Page 329 and 330: Appendix A Table 3. Field Performan
Page 331 and 332: Appendix A FIGURES Figure 1. HEPA f
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Appendix A Figure 5B. The Class II,
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Appendix A Figure 8. The Class III
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Appendix A Figure 9B. The vertical
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Appendix A Figure 11. A typical lay
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Appendix A REFERENCES 1. Centers fo
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Appendix B Decontamination and Disi
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Appendix B surfaces are contaminate
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Appendix B TABLE 1 DESCENDING ORDER
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Appendix B dioxide gas exits the ge
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Appendix B d The effectiveness of a
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Appendix C Transportation of Infect
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Appendix C 1600 Clifton Road, N.E.,
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Appendix C disease in humans or in
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Appendix C Biological specimen, Cat
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Appendix D Agriculture Pathogen Bio
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Appendix D simultaneous opening of
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Appendix D 14. Pathological inciner
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Appendix D Wastes and other materia
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Appendix D Camelpox virus b a, b, c
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Appendix D SPECIAL ISSUES The impor
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Appendix D required by the USDA and
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Appendix D depression, anorexia, an
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Appendix D laboratory with enhancem
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Appendix D five day period of conta
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Appendix D slaughterhouses or indus
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Appendix D virus does not cause any
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Appendix D NDV is classified in the
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Appendix D movement permit is requi
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Appendix D Spring Viremia of Carp V
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Appendix D REFERENCES 1. Hess WR. A
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Appendix D 37. Alexander DJ. Newcas
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Appendix E Arthropod Containment Gu
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Appendix F Select Agents and Toxins
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Appendix G IPM issues and requireme
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Appendix H Working with Human, NHP
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Appendix I Guidelines for Work with
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decontaminated periodically, for ex
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0.25N, and/or sodium hypochlorite (
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k Irradiation causes a dose-depende
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7. Morin R, Kozlovac J. Biological
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Appendix J NIH Oversight of Researc
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Appendix K Resources for Informatio
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Appendix K E-mail: http://www2.gsu.
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Appendix K and http://www.who.int/c
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Appendix L HEPA High Efficiency Par
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