Structural Health Monitoring Using Smart Sensors - ideals ...

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Table 7.7. Instructions in DCS Code Instruction Associated Operations Accompanying Information 1 10 2a 2b The cluster heads save node IDs and measurement channels of their leaf nodes. The base station tells the PC that the base station is ready to receive the next instruction. Cluster heads save measurement directions of member nodes and forward this information to the leaf nodes. The leaf nodes save measurement directions. 4 The cluster heads save NExT parameters. 3c 22-25 26 32 33 34 39 3a 3b 50 51 52 Sensing parameters are saved on cluster heads. Received parameters are saved on cluster heads. The manager receives node IDs of all the nodes and cluster heads. The manager then starts time synchronization and estimates clock drift. The manager broadcasts beacon signal for time synchronization. The manager notifies leaf nodes of timings, t1, T1, and T2. All of the nodes save t1, T1, and T2. A timer is called to periodically check timing to start sensing. The receivers reply to inquiry message about sensing completion. The manager judges whether to keep inquiry, restart sensing, or apply resampling. All of the sensors start resampling, check for unknown error. The manager then posts ProcessInstruction(50). The manager asks the leaf nodes whether the resampling was successful. The leaf nodes reply to the inquiry about successful resampling. The manager judges whether to keep inquiry, restart sensing, or adjust measurement directions. Node IDs of cluster members, measurement channels of each member node Acknowledgment Measurement directions of nodes Measurement directions of cluster member nodes NExT parameters such as the number of FFT data points Sensing parameters such as Number of samples The number of elements, weight of additional mass, results from the previous set of measurement, etc. Node IDs of all the leaf nodes and cluster heads Timing to start sensing, i.e. t1, T1, T2, etc. Answer to inquiry about sensing completion Answer to inquiry about successful resampling 135
Table 7.7. Instructions in DCS Code (Continued) Instruction Associated Operations Accompanying Information 53 3d 3e 55 5 6 7 54 40 e f 20 48 49 4a All of the nodes adjust measurement data for sensor direction. Nodes then write data to the Flash memory. If measurement data has not been reported to the base station, the node reports the data to the base station. If the receiver has not reported its data, the receiver reports to the base station. If all of the leaf nodes have not reported their data, the manger asks them to report. If all of the nodes have finished reporting, the manager asks cluster heads to broadcast data to their members. Cluster heads broadcast NExT parameters to their members. The sender prepares to broadcast the reference signal. The receiver stores NExT parameters. The cluster heads broadcast reference signals. The sender reports to the manager that the broadcast was successful. The receiver stores reference sensor signal. All of the nodes start correlation function estimation. The manager inquires all of the leaf nodes whether correlation function estimation is complete. The receiver replies to the inquiry. If all of the nodes have replied, the manager starts sensing process by posting ProcessInstruction(32). If not, keep inquiry. If correlation function estimate on a cluster head is not reported to the base station, the cluster head report to the base station. Otherwise, the cluster head asks leaf nodes to report their correlation functions to the cluster head and base station. The receiver reports the correlation function estimates to the cluster head and base station. Sensing was successfully completed at all of the nodes. Raw data/acknowledgment from the base station The number of FFT data points, number of averages, etc. Reference sensor signal Report to the manager about successful broadcast. Inquiry about correlation function estimation completion Answer to the inquiry Inquiry about correlation function estimate Correlation function estimates 136
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NSEL Report Series Report No. NSEL-
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The Newmark Structural Engineering
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Contents Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIO
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9.2.3 Power harvesting . . . . . .
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damage/deterioration is intrinsical
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scalability to a large number of sm
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logic circuit. However, FPGAs are m
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easons, smart sensors spatially dis
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Figure 2.1. EYES project sensor pro
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Table 2.1. Smart Sensor Specificati
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While a number of sensor boards for
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need to be within the coordinator's
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eing examined (Moore et al., 2001).
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structural damage, the analysis to
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that sensor installation cost inclu
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(2004) indicated that this accelero
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different type of sensors connected
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Chapter 3 SHM ARCHITECTURE This cha
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Modal operation Several modal opera
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its spatial gradient, which is clai
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Manager node Cluster head node Leaf
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commands; execution timing cannot b
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Table 3.2. Desirable Characteristic
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Table 3.2. Desirable Characteristic
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Figure 4.1. Foil strain gage. strai
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dB A s Figure 4.4. AA filter design
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8.32F 3V 3.45F 3V Input 1K 1K 1K 1K
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Strain ( ) 80 w/o Digital Filter 60
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performance was experimentally vali
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anges from 10 to 20. If 50 percent
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Node 1 x1 i =1,2,…,ns E x 1
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Correlation function estimate (m 2
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Figure 5.5. Effect of data loss and
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Frobenius norm. Because only a limi
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90 80 70 60 50 Node1 Node2 Node3 No
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On reception of a NACK, the sender
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Sender SendLData.send() Pack parame
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If there are missing packets, the r
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Sender SendLData.bcast() Pack param
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Sender Send a packet • Sender sen
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utilized in SHM applications follow
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where R xxref is a vector consistin
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Time (sec) 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -6
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Difficulties encountered in realizi
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1.8715 x10 5 #ofdatablocks 1.871 me
Page 91 and 92: Before this decimation is applied,
Page 93 and 94: where xn is the original signal,
Page 95 and 96: Timer firing every T3 110 data poin
Page 97 and 98: locks before or after the current b
Page 99 and 100: Chapter 6 ALGORITHMS In this chapte
Page 101 and 102: The eigenproblem of the system matr
Page 103 and 104: where M 0 is the mass matrix of the
Page 105 and 106: same community, eliminating the nee
Page 107 and 108: measurement or mass perturbation ca
Page 109 and 110: these algorithms are implemented on
Page 111 and 112: 10 0 10 -2 10 -4 0 500 1000 1500 20
Page 113 and 114: Table 7.1. SVD Accuracy Check on Ma
Page 115 and 116: 7.1.4 Complex matrix inverse A comp
Page 117 and 118: Figure 7.9. Details of the joint (G
Page 119 and 120: Figure 7.13. Amplifier (Gao, 2005).
Page 121 and 122: 0.08 0.2 Acceleration (g) 0.04 0 -0
Page 123 and 124: 3 Imote2_2/Imote2_1 Imote2_1/Siglab
Page 125 and 126: 200 3 Phase of spectral densities (
Page 127 and 128: 1.5 x10-17 Time (sec) Difference in
Page 129 and 130: input forces applied at nodes in th
Page 131 and 132: CH1 CH2 CH3 …. CHn-1 CHn Initiali
Page 133 and 134: 1 2 Node ID 102 RETAKE 1 3 4 INCONS
Page 135 and 136: Initialization: within local sensor
Page 137 and 138: PC Base station Manager sensor Clus
Page 139 and 140: PC Base station Manager sensor Clus
Page 141: PC Base station Manager sensor Clus
Page 145 and 146: EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION Chapter 8
Page 147 and 148: 8 x10-3 Time (sec) Correlation func
Page 149 and 150: Table 8.2. Mass Normalization Const
Page 151 and 152: 1 2 Node ID 67 RETAKE 0 3 4 ID 67 #
Page 153 and 154: for a SHM strategy does not necessa
Page 155 and 156: are saved. The 420 seconds listed a
Page 157 and 158: 1 1 Normalized accumulated stress m
Page 163 and 164: Table 8.5. Summary of False Damage
Page 165 and 166: Table 8.7. Summary of False Damage
Page 167 and 168: e scalability, autonomous distribut
Page 169 and 170: The lowest frequencies of interest
Page 171 and 172: structural vibration is considered
Page 173 and 174: REFERENCES Actis, R. L. & Dimarogon
Page 175 and 176: Casciati, F., Faravelli, L, Borghet
Page 177 and 178: Feldman, M. & Braun, S. (1995). “
Page 179 and 180: Kling, R. (2003). “Intel Mote: an
Page 181 and 182: Mufti, A. A. (2003). “Integration
Page 183 and 184: Sazonov, E., Janoyan, K., & Jha, R.
Page 185 and 186: Yi, J.-H. & Yun, C.-B. (2004). “C
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