Saddleback Journal of Biology - Saddleback College

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Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Duke, J. A. (1979). Ecosystematic Data on Economic Plants. Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Resource , 17 (3-4), 91-110. Kelly, M. G. (2004, 11). Education Resources Information Center. Retrieved 10 1, 2009, from Demonstrated Ways to Use Rapid Cycling "Brassica Rapa" in Ecology Instruction and Research: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlet s/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICEx tSearch_SearchValue_0=ED490472&ERICExtSearch_ SearchType_0=no&accno=ED490472 Leung, W.-T. W., Butrum, R. R., & Chang, F. H. (1972). Food Composition Table for Use in East Asia. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6878e/x6878e00.HT M Maeder, P., Fliessbach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P., & Niggli, U. (2002). Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in. Science , 296, 1694 - 1697. Musgrave, M. E. (2000). Realizing the potential of rapid-cycling Brassica as a model system for use in plant biology research. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation , 19, 314-325. Stephens, J. M., & Kostewicz, S. R. (2009, July). Producing Garden Vegetables with Organic Soil Amendments. Retrieved 9 1, 2009, from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG323 The Preference of Different Colored Safflower Seeds by Avian Species in Laguna Niguel, California Hamidreza Hoveida and Sean Kouyoumdjian Department of Biological Science Saddleback College Mission Viejo, CA 92692 Colored seeds may attract class Aves better than the typical unsaturated color. This might suggest that birds may show preference to colored seeds during feeding. A set of red, blue, green, yellow, and tan (non-dyed) colored safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds were exposed to the birds in the city of Laguna Niguel, CA. All seeds were exposed to the same conditions for the same period of time. Each color was placed in its own individual compartment so that randomness would not play a role and colors were easily identified among birds. The number of seeds initially counted and then set out for experiment, after a while, the number of seeds eaten could then be calculated. This showed that out of 550 seeds for each color, 475 tan (non-dyed), 87 red, 125 blue, 265 yellow, and 167 green seeds had been eaten. When comparing the two most eaten seeds, tan (non-dyed) seeds and yellow seeds, a p-value < 0.00001 indicates a difference between the two. Results indicate a larger preference toward the natural colored seed. Observations of birds feeding mentioned that House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) were a common and the most species that fed on Safflower seeds. Then White-Crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia atripcapilla), and Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) was spotted sitting within the feed tray and may have possibly consumed seeds. Introduction Organisms from class aves are known for their ability to see extremely well and depict their surroundings in color. Without strong vision they would be unable to identify members of their species and reproduce. Because of their incredible vision, color plays a vital role in survival and food foraging. Selection of food source can depend significantly on morphology of bird beaks and as seen in the study by Snow (1954) it can sometimes determine habitat of particular species. This is why color indicators are crucial to identification of seeds. It will assist in the speed of food foraging and leave birds less prone to predatory attack. Information about color avoidance by avian species may benefit business owners and farmers like in the study done by Avery, et al. (1999). They were able to determine that white seeds were consistently eaten the most and blue the least among 97 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2010
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Red-Winged Blackbirds. Although the dyed seeds will be beyond class aves usual nutritional diet, colored seeds may stand out and catch their eye and therefore display a preference toward dyed seeds. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds have reasonable size, approximately 8.5 mm in length and 4 mm in width. The seed attraction chart indicates that the primary avians that feed on Safflower seeds are Chickadees, Cardinals, Mourning Doves, White- Throated Sparrows, and the White-Breasted Nuthatch. Most of which occupy the Laguna Niguel, CA. during the months of October and November. The main objective of this experiment is to observe colored seeds preferences for local birds. It is expected that the dyed seeds will be preferred among bird species in this area because their ability to be easily identified and foraged for. Materials and Methods Studies were done on the local birds at Sean Kouyoumdjian’s house, which is located in Laguna Niguel (Laguna Niguel, CA, USA; latitude 33° 32' 51.1512“N, longitude -117° 40' 39.7632" W). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) bird feed was purchased at PETCO in Aliso Viejo, CA. At Sean Kouyoumdjian’s house, seeds were dyed into four colors, red, yellow, blue, and green with Kroger brand food dye. The feeding tray was kept in large planter in Sean Kouyoumdjian’s backyard, where birds could easily access it and not feel exposed to predatory attack. All safflower seeds were exposed to the same environmental conditions for the same period of time. A total of 550 seeds were set out for each individual color and feeding was allowed for an observational time period at 10:00 AM. The seeds were set out at the same time for additional days until one color began to run low. Protocols The feeding tray was made from recycled scraps, steel rods and poster board rectangular wooden frame with a center divider down the longitudinal direction, two more dividers were made forming 6 total sections. Then poster board was stapled to the bottom in order to hold up the seed. On the two shorter sides zip ties were used to prevent birds from feeding on those particular parts of the perimeter; this would eliminate accessibility as a factor. The tray was held up by steel rods which were connected at each corner. The use of steel rods allowed for a variance in terrain that the tray could be placed on. Seeds were died using Kroger ® brand food coloring and water. They were then placed on trays of newspaper and set to dry out. Location was chosen based on trial and error, which led us to placing the tray within the large planter in the back-yard. This was advantageous to us in the aspect that feeding tray was located within the birds’ niche and allowed a certain comfort level for them. Procedure Data was collected by counting out 550 seeds, setting them out to be eaten, and then counting the number of seeds left uneaten. A black sheet was placed underneath the tray to catch any seeds that were knocked off during feeding. Seeds were covered up at the end of every session of observation and then continued the following day. Each time seeds were set out the species of birds were videotaped so that they could easily be identified later. Our data was recorded over 3 days within a period of 2 weeks. Feeding was allowed from 10:00 AM to about 12:30 PM for each day. After finding the number of eaten seeds, researchers performed a statistical using contingency table analysis for ordinal categories. Results Researchers realized that birds prefer different colored seeds depending on the niche in which they live in. For Safflower seeds the traditional color is a light, almost white color. Birds that eat these seeds may prefer the natural color because it is how they have identified their food before. However, colored seed will stand out more in their environment and allow them to identify food much easier. This could possibly give the dyed seeds the upper hand. After placing the seeds out and observing them feed, the remaining seeds were brought in and counted. This determined how many seeds were eaten (Figure 1). Contingency table analysis for ordinal categories showed a significant difference between both the number of safflower seeds eaten and number of seeds that remained due to p-value < 0.00001. When comparing the two most eaten seeds, tan (non-dyed) seeds and yellow seeds, a p-value indicates a significant difference between the two. Therefore, we can conclude, the original seeds were preferred the most among the species of birds in this particular niche. From the chosen color spectrum the natural colored seed clearly was preferred among dyed seeds having 475 out of 550 seeds eaten. The next color that was preferred was yellow. This is probably because it is the closest color to the non-dyed safflower seed. Red was the least preferred having only 87 out of 550 seeds eaten. Safflower seeds were eaten by House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), White-Crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia atripcapilla), and Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura). 98 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2010
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