Saddleback Journal of Biology - Saddleback College

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Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Introduction Staphylococcus aureus has the ability to grow in high-salt, low moisture environments as well as resist multiple antibiotics in the presence of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) (Riordan, et al., 2006). S. aureus contains a strain of bacteria that is methicillinresistant. Methicillin is in a group of antibiotics called beta-lactams (Lewis et al., 1990) and is a source for many enteric diseases. S. aureus contains penicillin binding proteins (PBP). PBP’s are a normal constitiuent for many bacteria. All beta-lactam antibiotics bind to PBP’s of bacteria and prevent cell wall construction in the bacteria. Investigators were interested in the antibacterial properties that many fungi contain and the properties that bacteria display in response to a threat. Penicillin for example is an endotoxin excreted from Penecillium fungi and has beneficial healing properties against bacterial infection. In 1920 Sir Alexander Fleming synthesized penicillin for use as an antibiotic (Arriero 2002). P. notatum is in the phylum Ascomycetes, which are commonly referred to as the sac-fungi. The name is attributed to the sacshaped reproductive structures called ascus. Penicillin is in the penam sub-class of the broader beta-lactam antibiotics, which include vancomycin, teicoplanin, and ramoplanin. These antibiotics are effective in targeting the proteins in the cell wall of bacteria and thereby inhibiting bacterial growth. More specifically the proteins inhibited in the cell wall by penicillin are peptidoglycan and peptidoglycan gluctosyltransferase. These are important components of the cell wall that are responsible for synthesis and transport. Acetylsalicylic acid also known as aspirin is classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Shiff et al., 1995). It is widely consumed for a variety of ailments ranging from pain to fever. It is also utilized as a means of preventative health measures against cancer and heart disease (Shiff et al., 1995). The objective of this experiment was to observe the ability of Penecillium notatum to withstand Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of acetylsalicylic acid. An experiment similar to one conducted by Riordan et al., 2006. What appears to be conflicting research exists as to whether acetylsalicylic acid inhibits or promotes bacterial growth in the presence of antimicrobials such as imipenem (Arriero 2002, Domenico 1990). Imipenem is a penicillinderived antibiotic, which is the beta-lactam group of antibiotics. It is important to have a better understanding of the properties and mechanisms of fungi in response to a bacterial threat as well as a deeper understanding of how bacteria can adapt to overcome changes to their environment. Understanding these concepts can possible aid in helping to prevent or treat infection (Tenover, 2001). Materials and Methods The bacteria S. aureus and fungus P. notatum were cultured over a 48-hour period. This was to ensure that the appropriate amounts of the organisms were available for plating on 27 plates. A nutrient agar was made by placing 27.6 g of nutrient starter in 1200 ml of water and carefully bringing the solution to a to a boil. Once the solution was autoclaved at 200º F for 30-minutes the solution was allowed to cool slightly and then poured over the 27 sterile plates. The plates were allowed to cool and the cultures of S. aureus (250 L) and P. notatum (10mg) were placed on the plates. The acetylsalicylic acid solution was made by dissolving 0.324 g of solid acetylsalicylic acid in 60.0 ml of DI water yielding a concentration of 30mM. Ten plates consisted of the S. aureus, P. notatum, and acetylsalicylic acid. Ten additional plates consisted of only S. aureus and P. notatum in the same concentrations as mentioned above were made. Seven plates served as the control. Sterilized chads were placed in DI water and also in the acetylsalicylate solution and placed on opposite ends of the same plate that had been prepared with 250 L of S. aureus. This was done to observe the effect that acetylsalicylic acid would have on bacterial growth. The plates were all placed in an incubator for 72-hours at 37º C. All temperatures and outside factors were held constant to rule out as many external variables out. The data was collected by using digital calipers to measure the zone of inhibition (where bacteria did not grow) around P. notatum and the chad. Results The measurements were taken after a 72-hour incubation period. The mean diameter of the zone of inhibition around the sterilized chads under nonacetylsalicylic acid environment (n=14) and the mean diameter around the chads under an acetylsalicylic acid environment (n=14) was zero. S. aureus grew completely over the sterilized chads in both cases. The mean diameter around the 10 mg of P. notatum under a non-acetylsalicylic acid environment was 5.3 ± 0.4cm (± SEM, n = 30), and the mean diameter around P. notatum under an acetylsalicylic acid environment was 8.3 ± 0.6cm (± SEM, n =30). There is a significant difference between the four groups (p = 2.0 X 10 -15 , ANOVA). The Bonferroni correction showed no significant difference between the groups S. aureus in a non-acetylsalicylic environment and S. aureus in an acetylsalicylic environment. The Bonferroni correction showed a significant difference between the groups containing P. notatum and S. aureus under an acetylsalicylic and non-acetylsalicylic acid environments. Additionally, there was a significant difference between the group containing S. aureus 129 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2010
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper 12 10 Diameter(cm) 8 6 4 2 0 S.A. S.A.&Acetylsalicylate S.A.&P.N. S.A.&P.N.&Acetyl salicylate Figure 1. Represents the mean zone of inhibition around the sterilized chads (n=28) and 10 mg of P. notatum under an acetylsalicylic acid (n=30) and non-acetylsalicylic acid environment (n=30). (p = 2.0 X 10 -15 , ANOVA). Error bars represent (± SEM) under an acetylsalicylic acid environment and the group containing S. aureus, P. notatum, and acetylsalicylic acid. Discussion Since the mean zone of inhibition between the group S. aureus, P. notatum, and acetylsalicylic acid was 8.3 ± 0.6cm and larger then the mean zone of inhibition of the group S. aureus, P. notatum at 5.3 ± 0.4cm and the p-value from ANOVA was equal to 2.0 X 10 -15 and therefore the hypothesis was supported. The Bonferroni correction also supports this by showing a significant difference between these groups. The control supports the hypothesis and the idea that there is some reaction between P. notatum and acetylsalicylic acid since there was no significant difference between the group containing S. aureus and the group containing S. aureus and acetylsalicylic acid. Although there is a difference between the groups the relationship between P. notatum and acetylsalicylic acid is not fully understood. Pre-existing research could not be found to explain the relationship between P. notatum and acetylsalicylic acid. However penicillin antibiotics and aspirin are prescribed by doctor’s for treatment of certain bacterial infections. A possible explanation to this relationship could be that P. notatum’s antibacterial properties are amplified by acetylsalicylic acid by targeting specific proteins found with in the cell wall of P. notatum. A reaction between the penicillin endotoxin and the acetylsalicylate could possibly produce a greater toxic environment and thereby create the more unfavorable environment for S. aureus to live in then if just the penicillin is present. Future research should be carried out since this topic could benefit treatment of bacterial infections that do not respond to normal treatment. In future research the relationship between penicillin and aspirin should be directly observed. Most of the research thus far has been looking at this relationship in reference to bacterial infection in living tissue. Designing an experiment that would isolate the relationship between P. notatum and acetylsalicylic acid should be done to clarify the mechanism. In addition, if this experiment was run again observing bacterial growth over the sterilized chads in the control group should be done under ultra-violet light in addition to a dissecting microscope to ensure that organism completely covers the chads. This is to show that no zone of inhibition is present even on the surface of the chads. A penicillin solution should also be made and sterilized chads covered in this solution. This allows the chads diameter to be measured and subtracted from the measured diameter of the zone of inhibition around the chads. Therefore more accurate and precise data can be achieved. 130 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2010
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Peer Reviewed Man
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Author(s) Title Page Angela C. Park
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Biology 3A Abstra
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