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Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper of oxygen when comparing smoking to nonsmoking adolescent males at rest. The results found by Tzani et al., (2008) are explained by the fact that CO (one of many harmful gases and chemicals found in tobacco smoke) binds stronger and more aggressively to iron molecules in the hemoglobin of red blood cells (RBC) than oxygen (O 2 ). The competition between CO and O 2 has an immediate effect on the O 2 levels measured in blood (Fidan et al., (2004) and Rizzi et al., 2004). By reducing exposure to tobacco smoke, the decreased diffusion rate can be reversed (Tzani et al., 2008). Short term smokers do not show signs of decreased VC, but over the course of 30 to 40 years, exposure to tobacco smoke may increase the likelihood of acquiring significant lung impairment. Literature Cited Fidan, F., Cimrin, A., Ergor, G., Sevinc, C., (2004). Airway disease risk from environmental tobacco smoke among coffee house workers in Turkey. Tobacco Control. 13:161-166 doi:10.1136/tc.2003.003731. Janson, C., Chinn, S., Harvis, D., Zock, J., et al. (2001). Effect of passive smoking on respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness, lung function, and total serum IgE in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet. 358: 2103-2109. Prediletto, R., Fornai, E., Catapano,G., Carli,C. (2007). Assessment of the alveolar volume when sampling exhaled gas at different expired volumes in the single breath diffusion test. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 7:18. Viewed at: biomedcentral.com. Rizzi, M., Sergi, M., Andreoli, A., Pecis, M., Bruschi, C., & Fanfulla, F. (2004). Environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents. CHEST. 125(4): 1387-1393. Viewed at: chestjournal.org. Taylor, D., Fergusson, D., Milne, B., Horwood, L., Moffitt, T., Sears, M., et al. (2002). A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and cannabis exposure on lung function in young adults. Addiction. 97(8): 1055-1061. Viewed at: cinahl.com. Tzani, P., Aiello, M., Colella, M., Verduri, A., Marangio, E., Olivieri, D., and Chetta, A. (2008). Lung Diffusion Capacity Can Predict Maximal Exercise in Apparently Healthy Heavy Smokers. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 7: 229 – 234. Viewed at: jssm.org. The Effect of Green Tea and Deionized Water on the Growth Rate and Chlorophyll Concentration of Catharanthus roseus Brett Niles and Carlin Harkness Department of Biological Science Saddleback College Mission Viejo, CA 92692 Green tea has many claims to its health benefits on humans. In this experiment, we tested whether green tea had health benefits on plants. The effects of green tea, deionized water, and tap water were determined by measuring the growth rates and chlorophyll concentration of three groups of Catharanthus roseus that were watered with the respective mediums. Stem diameters were measured twice a week and chlorophyll concentration was measured by spectrophotometry. The resulting data showed no significant difference in growth rates and chlorophyll concentration data was inconsistent. Therefore, null hypothesis was supported. There were external factors including aphid infestation which might have contributed to our inconsistent results. Further research with revised methods is necessary for more conclusive results. 87 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2010
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Introduction Green tea has a connotation of being very healthy. These connotations mostly revolve around the fact that green tea contains antioxidants. However, this is not unique to green tea and in fact, antioxidants are common among all plants. Plants along with many other organisms produce free radicals as byproducts or intermediates of metabolic pathways. In plants, photosynthesis is a major producer of free radicals (Uri 1955). In order to counter the free radical intermediates, plants must also produce antioxidants; this is the source of catechins that is acquired from tea when consumed. Therefore, if human consumption of tea possesses many health benefits, then it seems reasonable to presume that it will have similar effects on plants. Extensive research has gone into studying the effects of green tea on humans and animals. However, if out there, official research on the effects of green tea on plants is scarce. Also, there is much media on the health benefits of green tea, mostly concerning the antioxidant properties. Some advocates of green tea make strong claims that it can cure rheumatoid arthritis, reduce body fat, cure gastric ulcers etc. (Johnson 2009). Other research has shown that green tea consumption may reduce the risk of leukemia (Kuo 2008). The consumption of green tea has also been repeatedly shown to play a protective role against liver disease and may lead to a reduced risk of liver disease (Jin 2008). However, research of green tea consumption and cancer is less conclusive. Most studies showed no relationship between green tea consumption and cancer, and few showed that green tea consumption was associated with a decreased cancer risk (Sturgeon 2009). The one thing in common with most studies is that they attribute the beneficial qualities to certain chemicals that are contained in green tea. These chemicals are found in the tannins released from the tea leaves when it is steeped in hot water. Tannins contain polyphenols and flavonoids which are subgroups that contain the antioxidative chemicals that are the source of beneficial health effects. Catechins are one of the classes of flavonoids also called flavin-3-ols. The specific catechin that is known for its potent antioxidant properties is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Our objective was to determine if there was a relationship between plant health and different watering mediums including: green tea, deionized water, and the control group with tap water. Watering with DI water would provide further comparison and possibly help explain any confounding factors that might arise. One goal of this research was to provide benefits and improvements to agriculture and food production both commercially and domestically. We hypothesized that Catharanthus roseus watered with green tea would have improved health and therefore increased growth rates and chlorophyll concentrations. Also, Catharanthus roseus watered with tap water and that Catharanthus roseus watered with deionized water would have worse health and therefore decreased growth rates and chlorophyll concentrations compared to Catharanthus roseus watered with tap water. Methods We began with young Catharanthus roseus in three groups of ten each: a green tea group, deionized water group, and the control group with tap water. We used soil from same bag and pots, both provided by Saddleback College. The Catharanthus roseus was purchased from Green Thumb International Nursery in crates of 16 plants per. The plants were kept in the greenhouse at Saddleback College in a controlled environment. The experiment lasted for five weeks. Measurements of stem diameter were taken using a digital caliper at location level with the top of the pot. These measurements were taken about twice a week for the duration of the experiment. Also, we noted any plants whose health appeared compromised or if the plant appeared deceased. Each group was watered with the three different mediums: green tea, deionized water, and tap water five days a week for the first week. The green tea was made by filling a five gallon jug with tap water, adding 50 tea bags and letting them steep for 24 hours. However, the soil conditions from this watering frequency became detrimental to the health of the plants. So in an attempt to use optimal conditions for the experiment, we watered them four days a week for the remainder of the experiment. Each plant received 50 ml of watering medium when watered. An attempt to determine chlorophyll concentration was done with leaf samples taken in the third and fifth week of the experiment. We used methods derived from other research experiments that determined chlorophyll concentration by photospectroscopy (MacKinney 1941, Cate et al. 2003). These leaf samples were then measured out to 0.2 g of leaf material per group and added to 15 ml of 80% acetone solution and left overnight in 4ºC in the dark. Absorbance of the acetone solution containing the chlorophyll was then taken using a spectrophotometer. The absorbance was taken for each group first at 940 nm wavelengths as a reference and then at 660 nm. We used ANOVA tests on the stem diameter data and for the chlorophyll concentration absorbance data a ratio was taken to determine chlorophyll content index (CCI). Results An analysis of variance (ANOVA) single variable test was performed on the average values of stem diameters for each day of measurement. This first 88 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2010
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