Saddleback Journal of Biology - Saddleback College

More documents

Recommendations

Info

$Math 10 â Statistics - Saddleback College$

Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper the osmolality of the medium, similar to the Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Professor Steve Teh and Dr. Tony Huntley for their valuable guidance and help with setting up the equipment. The author also greatly appreciates the help of Arshan Ferdowsian in conducting the experiment. Literature Cited Brown, A. C. and Terwilliger, N. B.1992. Developmental Changes in Ionic and OsmoRegulation in the Dungeness Crab, Cancer magister. Biological Bulletin,182 ( 2): 270-277. Dehnel, P. A. 1962. Aspects of Osmoregulation in Two Species of Intertidal Crabs. Biological Bulletin, 122 ( 2): 208-227. relationship observed in the current study. Foskett, J. K. 1977.Osmoregulation in the Larvae and Adults of the Grapsid Crab Sesarma reticulum Say. Biological Bulletin, 153 (3): 505-526. Pequeux, A. 1995.Osmotic Regulation in Crustaceans. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 15 (1): 1-60. Susanto, G. N. and Charmatier, G. 2000. Ontogeny of Osmoregulation in the Crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 73 (2): 169-176. Tan, Eng-Chow and Van Engel, W. A. 1966. Osmoregulation in the Adult Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. Chesapeake Science, 7 (1): 30-35. The effect of the menstrual cycle on sexual selection in Homo sapiens base on olfactory cues Ken Tupper and Cole Querry Department of Biological Sciences Saddleback College Mission Viejo, California 92692 In humans (Homo sapiens), males who have a favorable body odor have been shown to be selected more often by females since their body odor is linked to their bilateral facial symmetry, which denotes good genetics. Women use these genetic characteristics as cues to ensure the quality of their mates. Since the menstrual cycle affects the hormone levels in women, researchers hypothesized that women who are menstruating would be more susceptible to the odor of males who have a greater degree of facial symmetry. College aged women smelt and rated the attractiveness of a total of 8 T-shirts that were worn by men for a period of 24 hours. Then a second part of the study had college-aged women smelt 5 T- shirts that were worn by men for a 24-hour period. In this study the women were followed for a month smelling and ranking the shirts once every week. Results indicated that the female subjects did select the individuals with a greater degree of bilateral facial symmetry significantly more often. However the menstrual cycle did not have an effect on the amount of times the males with the greatest facial symmetry were chosen. The study also showed that there was no significant difference in female selection of the males with the greatest symmetry when the degree of difference with other male subjects was within 1%. Introduction Physical attractiveness has become a biologically and culturally important construct, giving a meaning to the pursuit of the perfect mate in Homo sapiens (humans). These phenotypic traits of facial symmetry and body odor can be related to good genes. Evidence indicates that pheromones can be directly correlated to facial symmetry cueing a high mate quality. Many cultures define beauty in different ways; however, all cultures show a considerable agreement that bilateral facial symmetry to be attractive (Rhodes et al 1998). Facial symmetry corresponds with the symmetrical development 15 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2010
Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper throughout childhood, therefore, exemplifying genetic success against stress and time (Rikowski and Grammer 1999). Females use these genetic characteristics as cues to ensure the quality in a mate choice. During different periods of menstrual cycle women’s preference on a sexual mate and the level of commitment to that mate can vary (Gangestad and Thornhill 1998). Throughout the different stages of the menstrual cycle, women have fluctuation in the attractiveness towards men who they would sleep with for a short-term relationship and who they would choose for a long-term relationship. Since during the week of menstruation women have a peak in sexual desire (P.C. Regan 1996). It is believed that during these peaks they would put greater selection pressure on which individual they would choose for a mate. Based on favorable body odors of men, females should have a greater response to the pheromones that denote good genetics and therefore choose men with greater facial symmetry. Women should put more selection pressure on the individual that they will choose for a longterm relationship since this will be the individual who will be proving them with offspring. For this reason this study will look at women’s selection for shortterm and long-term relationships. It is hypothesized that based on olfactory cues the women who are menstruating will choose individuals with greater bilateral facial symmetry more often then the women that are not menstruating. Materials and Methods Experimentation began within the month of February of 2010 and the data were collected at Saddleback College. Eight white t-shirts were purchased then washed with odorless Tide laundry detergent to ensure there are no external odors would contaminate the olfactory response. After the shirts had been washed, they were transferred into the dryer using clean latex gloves and once dried, immediately sealed in a zip-sealed bag with the latex gloves to prevent odor contamination. The male subjects (n=8) were given the shirts and had to wear their given shirt for a twenty-four hour period. Each male subject, prior to wearing the shirt, showered with odorless Dove soap and were not allowed to apply any lotions, deodorants, colognes, aftershave, or any other item that could alter their natural body odors. Once the twenty-four hour period was over, male subjects immediately took off the shirts and placed it back into the zip-sealed bags. On Tuesday February 23 rd and Wednesday February 24 th , 2010, female subjects (n=53) were asked to smell each of the shirts and fill out a questionnaire asking: to rank the shirts based upon favorability on a scale from one to ten, choose who they would settle down with (based on scent), choose who they would select for a one night stand, and asked if they were menstruating. If the female subjects were not menstruating, investigators asked the subject when they were last menstruating. Data were analyzed using a chi-squared contingency table. The second set of data were collected through the months of March and April of 2010. In this study the researchers followed nine women for four weeks to see if their selection in male subjects would differ whether the women were menstruating or not. Male subjects (n=5) participated by wearing new t-shirts freshly washed, with odorless Tide detergent, for a twenty-four hour period. Once the shirts were prepared in the same manner as in the first study, experimentation began with male subjects bathing with odorless Dove soap and immediately putting on the freshly washed and sealed t-shirts. After the twenty-four hour period, shirts were placed in the zip-sealed bag once again to be smelled by female subjects (n=9). Male subjects wore the shirt for one twenty-four hour period per week in order to test female subjects throughout a month’s span. The shirts were washed and sealed between every study to prevent odor contamination. The women were asked once per week to smell the t-shirts and rank them on a scale from one to ten based on desirability, ten being desirable and one being not desirable. The order that the shirts were presented to the women was randomized each week to ensure that the previous weeks ranking did not influence the female subject’s choices. The same series of questions from the first set of data were asked: who would you choose for a one-night stand; who would you choose to settle down with; are you menstruating; and if no, when was your last menstruation. After the last set of data was collected, a chi-squared contingency table was constructed. Lastly, pictures were taken of all male subjects from both studies in this experiment (eight from the first set of data collected and the five from the second set of data). Pictures were taken at a straight-on angle and the program ImageJ (National Institute of Health, USA) was used to measure facial symmetry. Three measurements were taken using ImageJ: A1, A2, and A3. A1 measured from the middle of the brow to the far tips of the right and left eye; A2 measured from the tip of the nose to the outer tips of both earlobes; and A3 measurement was taken from the cleft beneath the nose to the outer tips of the right and left side of the mouth, as shown in figure 1. Measurements for all subjects were then transferred into MS Excel and the ratios were then calculated in order to rank subjects based on facial symmetry. These results were then compared to the 16 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2010
Page 1 and 2: Saddleback Journal of Biology Stoma
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Peer Reviewed Man
Page 5 and 6: Author(s) Title Page Angela C. Park
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Biology 3A Abstra
Page 9 and 10: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Hills,
Page 11 and 12: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Herppi
Page 13 and 14: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper 20 18
Page 15 and 16: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper patter
Page 17 and 18: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Number
Page 19 and 20: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Dimorp
Page 21: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper ANOVA
Page 25 and 26: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Table
Page 27 and 28: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper which
Page 29 and 30: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Garlic
Page 31 and 32: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Table
Page 33 and 34: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Figure
Page 35 and 36: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper These
Page 37 and 38: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper distri
Page 39 and 40: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Mycoba
Page 41 and 42: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper G ro w
Page 43 and 44: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper superv
Page 45 and 46: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Studie
Page 47 and 48: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper The Ef
Page 49 and 50: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper 50 Mea
Page 51 and 52: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Blood
Page 53 and 54: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper The fo
Page 55 and 56: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Introd
Page 57 and 58: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper The da
Page 59 and 60: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Materi
Page 61 and 62: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Method
Page 63 and 64: Spring 2010 Biology 3B Paper Discus
Page 65 and 66: Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper signific
Page 67 and 68: Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Mean Cha
Page 69 and 70: Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Mean Cha
Page 71 and 72: Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Velasque
Page 73 and 74:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper (192 mM
Page 75 and 76:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper 0.9 0.8
Page 77 and 78:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper immunobl
Page 79 and 80:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper integrif
Page 81 and 82:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper This cou
Page 83 and 84:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper arterial
Page 85 and 86:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper to five
Page 87 and 88:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper The Effe
Page 89 and 90:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Length o
Page 91 and 92:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper In order
Page 93 and 94:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper The meas
Page 95 and 96:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Introduc
Page 97 and 98:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper 4.4 Chan
Page 99 and 100:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper percent
Page 101 and 102:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper another,
Page 103 and 104:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Figure 1
Page 105 and 106:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Red-Wing
Page 107 and 108:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Cromie,
Page 109 and 110:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Discussi
Page 111 and 112:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper up for 1
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper metaboli
Page 117 and 118:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper conducte
Page 119 and 120:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper College
Page 121 and 122:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Results
Page 123 and 124:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Roneus,
Page 125 and 126:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Results
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper nature o
Page 131 and 132:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper the part
Page 133 and 134:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Korol, D
Page 135 and 136:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper is so in
Page 137 and 138:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper 12 10 Di
Page 139 and 140:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Water Qu
Page 141 and 142:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Mean MPN
Page 143 and 144:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper ones. Wi
Page 145 and 146:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Schroete
Page 147 and 148:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper 16 14 12
Page 149 and 150:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper consumer
Page 151 and 152:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper The smal
Page 153 and 154:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Mean Col
Page 155 and 156:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Introduc
Page 157 and 158:
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper Five sam
Page 159 and 160:
Spring 2010 Biology 3A Abstracts 4.
Page 161 and 162:
Spring 2010 Biology 3A Abstracts 10
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Fall 2009 Biology 3A Abstracts 4. A
Page 169 and 170:
Fall 2009 Biology 3A Abstracts 8. T
Page 171 and 172:
Fall 2009 Biology 3A Abstracts 12.
Page 173 and 174:
Fall 2009 Biology 3A Abstracts 18.
show all

Saddleback Journal of Biology - Saddleback College

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?