Saddleback Journal of Biology - Saddleback College

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Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper The six species of plants that had the highest frequency were: Deerweed, Lemonade Berry, Caterpillar Phacelia, Black Sage, Poison Oak, and Fragrant Everlasting. The mean Importance Value (IV) for Deerweed in the burned and unburned area were: 1.055 ± 0.203 (±SEM, N=5) and 0.035 ±0.035 (±SEM, N=5), respectively. The mean IV for Lemonade Berry in the burned and unburned area were: 0.161 ±0.068 (±SEM, N=5) and 1.204 ± 0.291 (±SEM, N=5), respectively. The mean IV of Caterpillar Phacelia found in the burned and unburned area were: 0.285 ± 0.153 (±SEM, N=5) and 0.0464 ± 0.046 (±SEM, N=5), respectively. The mean IV of Black sages found in the burned and unburned area were: 0.550 ± 0.155 (±SEM, N=5) and 0.055 ± 0.034 (±SEM, N=5), respectively. The mean IV for Poison Oak in the burned and unburned area were: 0.084 ± 0.053 (±SEM, N=5) and 0.245 ± 0.181 (±SEM, N=5), respectively. The mean IV of Fragrant Everlasting found in the burned and unburned area were: 0.210 ± 0.183 (±SEM, N=5) and 0.710 ± 0.219 (±SEM, N=5), respectively. There was a statistical difference in IV’s of all the species of plants found in the burned area compared to the same species of plants found in the unburned area (p=8.677x10 -9 , ANOVA). Upon running the Bonferroni correction, the difference was between the IV of Lemonade Berry in the burned versus the unburned area (5.24%). There was also a difference in IV of Deerweed in the burned versus the unburned area (5.13%). Figure-2 represents the difference in IV of the six most frequently found plants in the burned area when compared to the plants found in the unburned area. 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Importance Value Mean IV Burned Figure 2. Mean Importance Values (IV) with standard error of the mean of species found in a burned area compared to species found in an unburned area (N=5).There was a statistical difference in IV’s of the all species found in the burned area compared to the all species found in the unburned area (p=8.677x10 -9 , ANOVA). Discussion Mean IV Unburned Both of the hypotheses were supported in this study. The hypothesis that there was a difference in diversity of plant species in the burned and unburned area was supported (D = 0.89968, Simpsons Diversity Index). The other hypothesis, that there was a difference in plant species’ Importance Value when compairing plants in the burned to the unburned area was also supported (p=8.677x10 -9 , ANOVA). Contary to Keely (2006) the study found there was little re-growth of Rhus integrifolia (Lemonade Berry) in the burned area under investigation. In Lloret’s et al. (1991) research of Rhus integrifolia (Lemonade Berry) found that the majority of the recovery of this plant in the burned chaparral was due to Peromyscus californicus (California Mouse) and Neotoma fuscipes (Dusky-footed Woodrat). The animals would eat the fruit of the Lemonade Berry and then while in the burned chaparral would release the fecal waste, transporting the seeds of the Lemonade Berry into the burned area so it has the possibility of germinating. Lemonade Berry bares its fruit in spring and well into summer. This could account for the relatively low Importance Value of Lemonade Berry plants found in the burned area; considering they have had one growing season to recover. Montalvo and Ellstrand (2000) researched how to advance the growth and spread Lotus scoparius Deerweed. Their data suggested that the success rates will be higher if genetically or environmentally similar populations are used to resupply seeds for restoration and post-fire seeding of specific sites. With this research this may account for the Deerweed having the highest IV in the burned area when compared to the rest of the species found in the burned area. Similar to Hanes (1971) paper, our study found there were many Deerweed in the area being researched. In his paper he said that in approximately ten years Deerweed would be over taken by species such as Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamise). The mean Importance Value (IV) for Chamise in the burned area being study was 0.060 ± 0.060 (± SEM, N=5), one of the lowest IV’s in the burned area. It could be possibly beneficial to conduct this study again in another five to ten years to determine if the Deerweed would be overtaken in the next five to ten years. Monroe et al. (1991) researched two shrub species native to Southern California which showed different germination patterns in relation to fire intensity. Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamise) had enhanced germination in the control burn; however, as fire intensity increased, germination decreased. In this study the IV for Chamise was the second lowest of all the species collected. One may suppose the low IV was due to the Freeway Complex Fire burned in relatively high intensity in the area being investigated. 73 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2010
Fall 2009 Biology 3B Paper This could possibly account for the mean IV of Chamise being very low. In Thanos, C. and Rundel, P. (1995) study that found the germination rate of Salvia mellifera (Black Sage) increased in the burned area when the canopy was burned through, allowing additional light penetrating through the canopy. This study did find considerably more Black Sage in the burned area than the unburned are. However, when the Importance Values were statistically analyzed there was no difference. It could be advantageous to conduct a similar study in other burn areas of this fire to see if the results would be similar. Another possible study could be to see if there is a decrease in the number of Black Sage species in the following years as the canopy recovers. Keeley (1991) found that the combination of heat and charred wood had a synergistic effect on percentage of germination of Phacelia cicutaria (Caterpillar Phacelia), over charred wood alone. Although there was not a statistical difference in IV of Caterpillar Phacelia; this may account for why there were more Caterpillar Phacelia found in the burned than unburned area. In another study of the chaparral of Southern California after a wildfire O’leary and Westman (1988) found that Caterpillar Phacelia covered more than 10% of coverage years after the fire. It could be possibly beneficial to conduct this study again in another two to three years to determine the coverage of Caterpillar Phacelia and see if its coverage increases in the years to come. The effects of fires on biodiversity have not been as completely studied as many believe (Pausas et al., 2009). This study was a perfect example of that. Some of the results in this study agreed with previous research while other results contradicted prior studies. There is still much research to be done on this fire and the recovery of the plants affected by the Freeway Complex Fire. It would be of much use to the scientific community if follow-up studies were conducted in the future. Acknowledgments A special thanks to Nicole Barrett who assisted in collecting data and entering data into MS Excel. Literature Cited Charles J. Krebs. 2001. Ecology 5th Ed. San Francisco. Hanes, T. (1971). Succession after Fire in the Chaparral of Southern California. Ecological Monographs, 41(1) , 27-5. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/ Keeley, J. (1991). Seed Germination and Life History Syndromes in the California Chaparral. Botanical Review, 57 (2), 81-116. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/ Keeley J., Fotheringham C., and Baer-Keeley M. (2006). Demographic Patterns of Postfire Regeneration in Mediterranean-Climate Shrublands of California, Ecological Monographs, 76(2), 235-255. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org Lloret, F. and Zedler P. (1991). Recruitment Pattern of Rhus integrifolia Populations in Periods between Fire in Chaparral . Journal of Vegetation Science, 2(2), 217- 230. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org Monroe, J. and Oechel, W. (1991). Fire Intensitys Effects on Germination of Shrubs and Herbs in Southern California Chaparral. Ecological Society of America, 72(6), 1993-2004. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org Montalvo, A. and Ellstrand, N. (2000). Transplantation of the Subshrub Lotus scoparius: Testing the Home- Site Advantage Hypothesis. Conservation Biology, 14(4), 1034-1045. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/ O’leary J. and Westman W. (1988). Regional Disturbance Effects on Herb Succession Patterns in Coastal Sage Scrub. Journal of Biogeography, 15 (5/6 ), 775-786. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/ Orange County Fire Authority Board of Directors (2009). Freeway Complex Fire After Action Report. 26-40. Retrieved from: http://www.ocfa.org Pausas, Juli G., Keeley, Jon E. (2009). A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life. Bioscience. 59(7), 593-601, 9. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org Thanos, C. and Rundel, P. (1995). Fire-Followers in Chaparral: Nitrogenous Compounds Trigger Seed Germination. Journal of Ecology, 83(2), 207-216. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org 74 Saddleback Journal of Biology Spring 2010
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Peer Reviewed Man
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Author(s) Title Page Angela C. Park
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